雅思閱讀_閱讀四個層次的平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)

雅思閱讀：閱讀四個層次的平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)于這個問題的答案，你想知道嗎？下面中國教育在線小編就來為各位小伙伴解答分享一下，想要了解的話，那就話不多說，趕緊往下看。

一、前言閱讀分為四個層次：詞、句、段、章。同學(xué)們一般習(xí)慣于以詞為單位閱讀，所以遇到存在生詞的句子就無從下手了。其實閱讀的真正障礙并不在于生詞，而在于難句，因為難句即使每個單詞都認(rèn)識，只要結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，可能也讀不懂。反之，一旦能夠把握結(jié)構(gòu)，就可以忽略生詞，掌握大意，從而實現(xiàn)無詞閱讀的境界。為此，本人特意為廣大同學(xué)制作了這一套難句隨身卡（包括基礎(chǔ)篇和提高篇）。二、難句的構(gòu)成英語的難句=主句+從句+短語，不同于漢語的句子全是簡單句，沒有復(fù)雜句。如果把英語的難句比喻成大樹，那么主句相當(dāng)于樹干，從句相當(dāng)于樹枝，而短語相當(dāng)于葉子。只要把握主句，就可理解大意。相比之下，漢語的句子就好比是竹子，一節(jié)一節(jié)的。因此，我們在理解英語難句的時候要學(xué)會拆把復(fù)雜句拆成簡單句來理解。也就是說，要學(xué)會抓住樹干，拆掉枝葉。三、如何拆任何句子都必須有謂語動詞，所以找到一個謂語動詞就可以拆下來一個句子。因此，理解難句的基本步驟是：1）識別出有哪幾個謂語動詞；2）找出主句的謂語動詞，先理解主句；3）再去理解從句和短語。四、符號說明1．謂語動詞用黑體的斜體字表示，例如：Everyone should know 。2．從句的引導(dǎo)詞用方框表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located。3．從句用橫線表示，例如：where the nearest fire alarm box is located，表示where引導(dǎo)的從句。4．插入語成分用括號表示，例如：Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between第一章 平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)本章難句列表1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.3． I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.4．Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.7．Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.8． There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in winter.9．But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.10．This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours.11．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.12．The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work, and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.15．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.難句分析：1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為should know，其余兩個都是由where引導(dǎo)的并列賓語從句。本句可以拆分為：1) Everyone should know.2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located.3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.翻譯：每個人都應(yīng)該知道最近的火災(zāi)報警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火門位于何處。2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有2個謂語動詞，其中第二個is influenced是主句的謂語動詞，主干是The way is culturally influenced。第一個is used是定語從句的謂語動詞，但是該定語從句省略了引導(dǎo)詞。定語從句中三個并列的不定式短語動詞to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities共同作為is used的目的狀語。本句可以拆分為：1) The way is culturally influenced.2) Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities.翻譯：怎樣利用空間來獲得個人隱私、建造家園以及設(shè)計城市都會受到文化的影響。3． I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為wanted。was和thought分別屬于兩個由that引導(dǎo)的并列賓語從句。而owed和was going為兩個并列的謂語動詞，共同主語為England。England這句話前面為了避免重復(fù)而省略了賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that，實際上是thought的賓語從句。本句可以拆分為：1) I wanted her to know.2) That my heart was with her.3) That I thought.4) (That) England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.翻譯：我想讓她知道我的心陪伴著她，而且我認(rèn)為英國欠了她一大筆債，很快就會想念她。4．Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有兩個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為may make，其主語是動名詞短語keeping your head。breaks out是when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞。插入語(instead of)中的crowding和pushing兩個動名詞是平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)。本句可以拆分為：1) Keeping your head may make the difference between life and death.2) When fire breaks out.翻譯：當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，保持頭腦冷靜，而不是向安全出口擁堵，能夠帶來生與死的不同結(jié)果。5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有4個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為can convince，其主語為Neither friends nor family。其余三個謂語動詞全是convince的賓語從句的謂語動詞，其中最后一個從句前面省略了that。拆分為：1) Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people.2) That most animals are harmless.3) That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday.4) (That) millions of people rideeach day.翻譯：朋友及家庭成員都無法說服恐懼癥患者，使其相信大多數(shù)動物都無害，無數(shù)旅行者每天安全地飛行，上百萬人每天都多次安全地乘坐電梯。6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有2個謂語動詞，都是并列的主句謂語動詞。三個并列的by, by, by作為travel的方式狀語。本句可以拆分為：1) Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile.2) Millions of people drive to and from their places of work and their homes.翻譯：上百萬人乘坐火車、公交車或者小汽車在周游全國，或者開車往返于工作地點(diǎn)和家庭處所之間。7．Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有一個謂語動詞have。herethere屬于平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，表示兩個事物的對比狀態(tài)，相當(dāng)于the one , the other 。翻譯：一方是一個沒有任何知識或者經(jīng)驗的小孩，另一方是一個有著健全發(fā)展的智力的成年人。8． There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in winter.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有一個there be句型。relay races和relay并列作為主語。本句可以拆分為：1) There are relay races in runningin summer.2) There are relay in skiing in winter.翻譯：夏季有賽跑和游泳賽接力賽，冬季有滑雪比賽。9．But we remember (with far greater pain) that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個謂語動詞，其中remember是主句的謂語動詞，被(with far greater pain)分隔了兩個并列的賓語從句that we did not see和that we failed to。本句可以拆分為：1) But we remember with far greater pain.2) That we did not see that beauty.3) When it flowered.4) That we failed to respond with love.5) When it was tendered.翻譯：但是我們更加痛苦地回憶著，當(dāng)花兒開放時我們沒有看到她的美麗，在別人給予我們愛的時候也沒有用愛來做出回報。10．This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire (with the full force of our passionate being) can be ours.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有6個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為is。think后面有兩個并列的由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，而第二個賓語從句里面有一個由whatever引導(dǎo)的主語從句。(with the full force of our passionate being)分隔了主語從句和其謂語can be。being是動名詞。本句可以拆分為：1) This is not an easy lesson to learn.2) Especially when we are young and think.3) That the world is ours to command.4) That whatever we desire can be ours.翻譯：這不是容易學(xué)會的一課，尤其是當(dāng)我們還年輕，認(rèn)為這個世界是由我們掌控，而且認(rèn)為無論我們渴望得到什么，只要充滿激情、全力以赴，就能實現(xiàn)。11．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為兩個并列的live。which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句修suburban area；that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾villages，而what引導(dǎo)form的賓語從句。可以拆分為：1) More thanpeople live in inner London.2) And nearly five million people live in area.3) The area is made up ofvillages.4) The villages have merged to form.5) What is now called outer London.翻譯：三百多萬人住在倫敦市區(qū)，將近五百多萬人住在周邊郊區(qū)該地區(qū)由以前分散的村莊組成，后來逐漸合并形成今天所謂的外部倫敦。12．The journey and the stay are (by definition) outside the normal places of residence and work and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個并列的主句謂語動詞。兩個are的共同主語是the journey and the stay。(by definition)分割了are和表語outside the normal places。nature在這里表示本質(zhì)、性質(zhì)的意思。本句可以拆分為：1) The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work.2) The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature.3) There is a clear intention to return home 翻譯：（旅游中的）旅程和停留從定義上講是在通常的居住和工作處所之外的，而且有一種短暫的性質(zhì)。在短期之內(nèi)，還要有一個明確的回家的意圖。13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有3個謂語動詞，其中第二個are focused是主句的謂語動詞。rather than意思是而非，其前后并列兩個on引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。拆分為：1) The limited investments arefocused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills.2) The investments are made in training workers.3) The skills make it possible to absorb new technologies.翻譯：用于培訓(xùn)工人的有限投資也被集中用在訓(xùn)練完成下一個工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技術(shù)的基本技能培訓(xùn)上。14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有4個謂語動詞，其中主句的謂語動詞為have tried，不定式to后面并列兩個動詞isolate和offer。兩個of并列作為examples的后置定語。of some指代的是of some organizations。本句可以拆分為：1) We have tried to isolate some of the key factors. and offer examples of organizations and of some.2) Factors govern service quality.3) Organizations manage service well.4) Organizations manage it poorly.翻譯：我們力圖挑選出一些控制服務(wù)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵因素，并且提供一些例子來說明某些機(jī)構(gòu)把服務(wù)管理得很好，而有些卻很差。15． Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.結(jié)構(gòu)：本句只有2個謂語動詞have distinguished和have ensured。主干是Human beings have distinguished themselvesandensured their survival。by引導(dǎo)的方式狀語后面并列了多個動詞不定式to observe and understand/to adapt to/to control and adapt it to，作為ability的修飾成分。翻譯：人類已經(jīng)將自己與其他動物區(qū)分開來，并且通過這樣做來確保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通過觀察和理解周圍的環(huán)境，然后適應(yīng)，控制并且改造該環(huán)境，使其適合自己需要的能力。

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