雅思寫作如何采取中間立場立論

留學(xué)，語言成績是必要材料之一，并且在申請院校的進程中，語言成績的高低直接影響著你最終能申請什么到水平的院校，下面外語頻道小編為大家具體分享下“雅思寫作如何采取中間立場立論”內(nèi)容。

雅思寫作如何采取中間立場立論

首先我們得明確什么是中間立場，所謂中間立場立論就是指對于argument類型的文章的正反兩方觀點都進行徹底地、充分地論述，并給出自己的觀點。而不是像一邊倒策略中只對自己傾向的一方觀點進行相對多地、犀利地論述。其次，采取中間立場對于不同的題型又意味著需要采取不同策略。本文只通過是否同意型題目進行中間立場立論方法的論述。

即：Do you agree or disagree?/ To what extent do you agree or disagree?

比起其他兩種題目類型(雙方觀點討論型、優(yōu)劣討論型)，這種題目更像是寫在紙上的辯論。與真正辯論不同，采取中間立場對于烤鴨來說意味著要同時扮演正方和反方，提出觀點并加以證明。題干陳述一個有爭議的話題，然后要求烤鴨選擇自己的立場(正、反、中立)。采取中間立場意味著對正方和反方觀點分別進行充分的論述。在這種題型中，正方觀點段落在陳述了其觀點之后，反方觀點段落則對正方進行反駁或瓦解其合理性。成功的立論在于烤鴨們是否能夠站在正反兩方主張的立場上構(gòu)思出合理并且有邏輯的觀點和支持句。以下我們詳細講述如何在是否同意型題目中建立正反方觀點的技巧。

一. 正方觀點的建立方法

大家在平時練習(xí)寫作的時候可以練習(xí)使用這些方法以便在考試的時候可以快速想出有說服力的論點。

方法：分析

分析的過程是生成idea的過程，需要大家把腦洞打開，盡情發(fā)揮你們的想象力和邏輯思維。 那么如何才能生成足夠具有邏輯的ideas(論點)來支撐你的觀點呢?這里所有的技巧都在于focus在一個很簡單的問題why?上。這個問題能夠作為思維的催化劑來提示我們更好的建立論點來支撐一個主張。在這個過程中，你可以從深度和廣度兩個方面來具體操作。

1. 深度

深度的方面來看，首先需要對正方的一個主張?zhí)岢鲆粋€觀點，然后對這個觀點提問why?，對于這個問題的回答就是你對這個觀點的支持;隨后繼續(xù)對上一個回答提問why?，進而得到更深程度的支持，不斷的提問自己why然后進行回答，直到你認為你對why的回答已經(jīng)達到足夠接近于一個普通的、被廣為接受的、相對正確的陳述，這個陳述我個人叫它基本陳述。舉個Task 2 的例子：

Professional workers like doctors, nurses and teachers make a greater contribution to society and so should be paid more than sports and entertainment personalities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

拿到題目首先選擇正方立場并立論，即：對社會有貢獻的專業(yè)人士應(yīng)該比娛樂明星獲得更多的報酬。(Experts like doctors, nurses, engineer who contribute tremendously to the society should be paid more than super stars who contribute less to the society.)

接著不斷提問why?來產(chǎn)生以下思路：

思路想好了之后就開始從最后一點(廣為接受的觀點)即基本陳述開始反方向陳述，得到的觀點段看起來應(yīng)該是這樣的:

The quality of life serves as a guarantee of entertainment. If a person suffers a serious illness and there are no good doctors to treat him well, he will not be in the mood to enjoy an excellent football match. (加入細節(jié)例子進行支持)As a result, the standard of living is far more important than the value of entertainment. Social experts like doctors and teachers devote themselves to elevate the quality of life in the society. For example, teachers teach students well so that they can they can have a bright future. Consequently, they deserve much more payment than superstars and athletes.

2. 廣度

或者，從廣度的方面去思考原因也可以達到生成ideas的效果。與深度的方式不同，廣度的思維是要提問why else?。即對于一個主張?zhí)釂栠€有什么原因能夠支持此主張下的觀點。例如：還有哪些原因可以支持社會專家應(yīng)該得到比娛樂明星更多的工資?因為社會專家們對社會有著很大的經(jīng)濟貢獻，而體育明星相對較少(why else?)因為社會專家提升了環(huán)境質(zhì)量，使我們生活呼吸新鮮的空氣(why else?)因為給社會專家更多金錢上的鼓勵可以解決他們的后顧之憂，從而能使他們更好的貢獻社會使人類進步(why else?).... 很多烤鴨們由于自身知識面的不足或者由于考場緊張的緣故，思考不出why else?的答案。以下這個表格就給出了任何涉及argument類型題目時可供思考的領(lǐng)域，這些領(lǐng)域作為烤鴨們探索思路的起點，可以對思路和論點提供很多質(zhì)料。

思考角度	思考內(nèi)容
Cultural	關(guān)于身份認同感
Economic	關(guān)于金錢
Educational	關(guān)于教育
Environmental	關(guān)于環(huán)境
Legal	關(guān)于社會法則所規(guī)定的義務(wù)和權(quán)力
Moral	關(guān)于道德標準
Rights	關(guān)于權(quán)力的運用
Security	關(guān)于（國家、個人）安全
Welfare	關(guān)于公共健康和幸福感

從廣度的方面思考論點之后的正方論點段落應(yīng)該是這樣的

First, unlike entertainment figures, social experts contribute the society by increasing the economy such as those financial professionals in Wall Street but what superstars do is barely keeping audience amused without contributing to GDP substantially. Besides, environmentally speaking, social experts identify environmental problems and provide solutions to them, which made them the main contributors of a better society with healthy conditions. Finally, paying more to elites instead of entertainment figures is a pragmatic approach to increase the utility of social elites because it could ease their financial burdens so that they could better concentrate on their works.

二. 反方觀點的建立方法

反方觀點段的內(nèi)容主要是對正方觀點的反駁，主要在于對正方觀點形式和內(nèi)容上的批判和懷疑，以至于使正方觀點的弱點和不合理之處浮出水面。當然，也不必對正方主張的每一個觀點都進行批判和反駁，只是針對那些邏輯上錯誤明顯的觀點。

方法：運用可接受性

可接受性是我們主要用來反駁正方觀點的武器，當然除了這種方法，還有很多，由于篇幅原因，此篇文章只列出此種。所謂可接受性是指：批判和懷疑正方觀點的論據(jù)是否是合理的，而并非去批判和懷疑正方的觀點(或主張)。例如，烤鴨們大可不必去論證我們給社會精英的回報不應(yīng)當超過體育、娛樂明星。而是去批判或懷疑(之前正方觀點提到的論據(jù))生活質(zhì)量是娛樂的保證。通過瓦解此論點的合理性，會使整個建立在正方論據(jù)的觀點都有所動搖，從而起到反駁的作用。

如何利用可接受性，有兩種方式

1. 證明正方論據(jù)不充足

這種方法主要用來說明正方觀點對why?的回答不夠充分，通常對正方觀點的基本陳述進行反駁。例如：正方觀點的基本陳述是生活質(zhì)量是娛樂的保證，如果生活質(zhì)量不好，娛樂就無從談起。(the quality of life serve as a guarantee of entertainment.)。所以對這句話最好的反駁就是：Everyone has the individual's right/autonomy/freedom of choice to enjoy himself even if under the bad conditions.(任何人對于娛樂都有選擇自由，即使一個人的生活質(zhì)量很差)。這句話主要是對正方論點生活質(zhì)量是娛樂的保證，如果生活質(zhì)量不好，娛樂就無從談起。的絕對性發(fā)起的質(zhì)疑，從而瓦解了這句話的合理性。

2. 證明正方論據(jù)不正確

這種方式的原理在于懷疑正方論據(jù)的正確性，大多數(shù)情況下這種正確性指因果關(guān)系的合理與否。正方主張認為A導(dǎo)致B，反方則試圖說明A不能、不一定或者一定不會導(dǎo)致B。例如：之前正方的觀點認為：因為這些社會精英對社會的貢獻更有價值，使人們的生活水平有所提高。這句話的因果關(guān)系在于A (因為有這些人的貢獻)導(dǎo)致B(人們的生活水平有所提高)。所以只要破壞這句話的因果關(guān)系就起到了反駁的效果。所以反方觀點可以論述：Better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. (這句話則破壞了正方觀點的因果關(guān)系，即因為只有社會精英的貢獻是不足以導(dǎo)致人們生活水平的提高，還得依靠體育、娛樂明星的力量) To make people happy, the value of entertaining celebrities cannot be underestimated.

所以，使用以上方法，反方觀點段落看起來應(yīng)該是這樣：

To some degree, social elites elevate the quality of life, which is more important thing to consider. But people have freedom of choices to enjoy themselves even if they are under a bad condition. To some people, the value of entertainment greatly outweighs that of the material satisfaction. Besides, better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. To make our lives better, the value of entertaining celebrities cannot be underestimated.

整篇文章的正反方段落組合在一起應(yīng)該是這樣的：

The quality of life serves as a guarantee of entertainment. If a person suffers a serious illness and there are no good doctors to treat him well, he will not be in the mood to enjoy an excellent football match. As a result, the standard of living is far more important than the value of entertainment. Social experts like doctors and teachers devote themselves to elevate the quality of life in the society. For example, teachers teach students well so that they can they can have a bright future. As a result, they deserve much more payment than superstars and athletes.

To some degree, social elites elevate the quality of life, which is more important thing to consider. But people have freedom of choices to enjoy themselves even if they are under a bad condition. To some people, the value of entertainment greatly outweighs that of the material satisfaction. Besides, better standard of living means people own both of prosperity of material and a good mood. Unfortunately, social experts can only contribute their knowledge in increasing the physical success in our society like the rise of GDP. Consequently, by their effort only, our quality of life cannot be improved. To make our lives better, the value of entertaining celebrity cannot be underestimated.

通過使用上述幾種技巧和方法寫出的正反方段落更具有邏輯性，很多人會認為使用這種復(fù)雜的思維邏輯方法會使整個task 2構(gòu)思過程變得繁瑣。其實，只要在考試前熟練運用這些技巧進行練習(xí)，烤鴨們會發(fā)現(xiàn)有邏輯的論點很容易構(gòu)思。從而在考場上做到從容面對中立型agree or disagree題目的立論。這也正是coherence這個評分標準要求烤鴨們達到的。

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