雅思閱讀素材鐵桶人紙牌屋

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（圖片轉(zhuǎn)自百度）

IT MUST seem to Donald Trump that reversing globalization is easy-peasy. With a couple of weeks still to go before he is even inaugurated， contrite firms are queuing up to invest in America. Last week Ford cancelled a $1.6 billion new plant for small cars in Mexico and pledged to create 700 new jobs building electric and hybrid cars at Flat Rock in Michigan—while praising Mr Trump for improving the business climate in America. Other manufacturers， such as Carrier， have changed their plans， too. All it has taken is some harsh words， the odd tax handout and a few casual threats.

特朗普肯定覺得逆轉(zhuǎn)全球化易如反掌。離他正式就任尚有一兩周，一家家幡然悔悟的公司已紛紛開始投資于美國本土。上周，福特取消了在墨西哥投資16億美元建設(shè)小型車新工廠的計劃，承諾在密歇根州的福拉特洛克（Flat Rock）創(chuàng)造700個生產(chǎn)電動車及混合動力車的新職位，同時還稱贊特朗普改善了美國的商業(yè)環(huán)境。其他各家生產(chǎn)商，如開利（Carrier），也都已改變了計劃。特朗普所做的只是說了幾句難聽的話，給了些莫名其妙的稅收好處，信口威脅了幾家企業(yè)。

Mr Trump has consistently argued that globalization gives America a poor deal. He reportedly wants to impose a tariff of 5% or more on all imports. To help him， he has assembled advisers with experience in the steel industry， which has a rich history of trade battles. Robert Lighthizer， his proposed trade negotiator， has spent much of his career as a lawyer protecting American steelmakers from foreign competition. Wilbur Ross， would-be commerce secretary， bought loss-making American steel mills just before George W. Bush increased tariffs on imported steel. Daniel DiMicco， an adviser， used to run Nucor， America’s biggest steel firm. Peter Navarro， an economist， author of books such as “Death by China” and now an adviser on trade， sees the decline of America’s steel industry as emblematic of how unfair competition from China has hurt America.

特朗普一貫辯稱全球化為美國帶來的只是樁不劃算的買賣。據(jù)說他想對所有進口商品施加5%甚至更高的關(guān)稅。他集結(jié)了一些顧問，以助自己一臂之力。這些人都有鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的背景，而這個產(chǎn)業(yè)有著豐富的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)歷史。特朗普提名羅伯特·萊特希澤（Robert Lighthizer）任貿(mào)易代表，此人職業(yè)生涯的相當(dāng)一部分時間都在做律師保護鋼鐵企業(yè)免遭外來競爭。而獲提名擔(dān)任商務(wù)部長的威爾伯·羅斯（Wilbur Ross）則在小布什提高進口鋼材關(guān)稅之前大舉收購虧損的鋼鐵廠。顧問丹尼爾·迪米科（Daniel DiMicco）曾掌管美國最大的鋼鐵企業(yè)紐柯（Nucor）。經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、《致命中國》（Death by China）等書的作者彼得·納瓦羅（Peter Navarro）如今擔(dān)任貿(mào)易政策的顧問。他認為美國鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)的衰退是來自中國的不公平競爭傷害美國的典型表現(xiàn)。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟類高頻詞匯：

globalization 全球化

tariff 關(guān)稅

trade negotiator 貿(mào)易談判代表

trade battles 貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭

steel firm 鋼鐵公司

But the steel business is not a model for trade policy in general and companies are capable of being tricksy， too. Mr Trump may simply be looking for good headlines， but if he wants more， his plans threaten to be an expensive failure.

然而鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)并不是制定一般貿(mào)易政策時可參照的范本，而企業(yè)也能偷奸?；Ｌ乩势栈蛟S只是想謀求些叫好的新聞頭條，但如果他想要的不止于此，那么他的那些計劃可能就會成為代價高昂的失敗。

The miller’s tale（鋼鐵業(yè)的傳說）

One reason is that Paul Ryan， the Speaker of the House of Representatives， said last week that Congress would not be raising tariffs. Executive orders are bad politics and can get Mr Trump only so far. Another is that Ford’s plans are not as simple as they look. It will still build its new small car in Mexico—at an existing plant. But above all， Mr Trump gravely underestimates the complexity of messing with tariffs.

一個原因是，眾議院議長保羅·瑞安（Paul Ryan）上周表示國會并不會提高關(guān)稅。行政命令是糟糕的政治手段，特朗普借此能達成的目的也很有限。另一個原因是福特的計劃并不像看上去那么簡單，它仍將在墨西哥生產(chǎn)新的小型車——只不過是在現(xiàn)有的工廠里而已。然而最重要的問題還是特朗普嚴(yán)重低估了干涉關(guān)稅這種行為的復(fù)雜后果。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟類高頻詞匯：

Representatives 代表

underestimates 低估了

The men of steel are right to complain about China. Its government has indeed subsidized its steelmakers， leading to a glut that was dumped on the world market. Successive American governments have put up tariffs to protect domestic producers （in 2016 the Obama administration placed a tariff of 522% on cold-rolled Chinese steel）， as has the European Union.

鋼鐵業(yè)者有理由抱怨中國。中國政府確實向本國鋼企提供了補貼，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致超量的鋼鐵傾銷至世界市場。接連幾屆美國政府都提高關(guān)稅以保護本國生產(chǎn)商（奧巴馬政府在2016年曾向來自中國的冷軋鋼材征收522%的關(guān)稅），歐盟也曾采取過這樣的措施。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟類高頻詞匯：

glut 過剩

dump 轉(zhuǎn)儲

domestic producers 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商

Yet this way of thinking fails to deal with the question of whether an ample supply of cheap steel courtesy of a foreign government is really so terrible： it benefits American firms that consume steel—and they earn bigger profits and employ more people as a result. Moreover， trade in most goods and services is not like steel. America’s biggest import from China is electrical machinery. China’s government does not subsidise the overproduction of iPhones which are then dumped on the market， causing iPhone-makers in America to be laid-off. Instead， a smartphone might be designed and engineered in California and assembled in China， using components made or designed in half a dozen Asian and European countries， using metals from Africa. Likewise， every dollar of Mexican exports contains around 40 cents of American output embedded within it. For producers of such goods， tariffs would be a costly disaster. American steelmakers might seek out government protection. Apple and its kind will not.

不過上述這種思路并沒有問過這樣一個問題：承蒙一個外國政府為自己提供了充足的廉價鋼鐵，這事是不是真的那么糟糕。消耗鋼材的美國公司從中受益，它們利潤增加進而雇用了更多的員工。更重要的是，大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)的貿(mào)易都與鋼鐵貿(mào)易不同。美國從中國進口最多的是電機。中國政府并未向iPhone的過量生產(chǎn)提供補貼，隨后大量投放市場的iPhone也沒有造成在美國制造該手機的工人失業(yè)。實際上，一款智能手機也許在加州設(shè)計開發(fā)，在中國組裝，使用六七個亞洲和歐洲國家制造或設(shè)計的部件以及來自非洲的金屬。同樣地，從墨西哥進口的每一美元的商品中就包含著美國約40美分的產(chǎn)值。對于這種商品的生產(chǎn)者來說，關(guān)稅就意味著代價慘重的災(zāi)難。美國的鋼鐵企業(yè)也許得尋求政府的保護，但蘋果及其同類則不會。

雅思閱讀經(jīng)濟類高頻詞匯：

laid-off 下崗

output 輸出

seek out 尋找

government protection 政府保護

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