（雅思精讀）印度經(jīng)濟富的更富窮的更窮

隨著留學市場的不斷發(fā)展，越來越多的學生選擇留學。如果你也是想要留學的學生之一，那么你就需要參加語言考試，其中雅思托福就是最為常見的英語考試，下面中國教育在線外語頻道小編就為大家介紹一下【雅思精讀】印度經(jīng)濟：富的更富，窮的更窮。

Compounding inequality

不平等加劇

Indias super-rich are getting much richer

在印度，富得越富，窮的越窮

Even as the economy shrinks by a tenth

即使經(jīng)濟萎縮了十分之一

1. SOME PEOPLE have almost all the luck. Over the past year, as Indias economy has shrunk by around a tenth and tens of millions of Indians have lost jobs or sunk into poverty, the fortunes of the countrys two richest people have swollen. Gautam Adani, whose conglomerate sprawls from ports to coal mines to food, has seen his personal wealth more than double, to some $32bn. Mukesh Ambanis riches, which derive from oil refining, telecoms and retail, among other things, have grown by just 25%, albeit to an intimidating $75bn or so.

有的人運氣一直很好。去年，印度經(jīng)濟縮水大約十分之一，數(shù)千萬印度人失業(yè)，陷入貧困當中，而印度的兩大首富財富卻不斷增加。高塔姆阿達尼企業(yè)集團業(yè)務遍及港口、煤礦和食品等領域，他的個人財富翻了一番，達到約320億美元。穆凱什安巴尼收入主要來自煉油、電信和零售等行業(yè)，他的個人財富750億美元左右，增長了25%。

2. The share of wealth and income going to the top 1% has been rising rapidly in recent years in India, as it has been in many countries. Last year they hoovered up 21.4% of earnings, just ahead of their counterparts in Russia, according to the World Inequality Database. Credit Suisse, a bank, puts their share of Indias wealth at 39%, well ahead of the richest1% of Americans or Chinese. Most alarmingly, in India some of the rich havebecome super-rich by using their heft to crush smaller competitors and thus corner multiple chunks of the economy. The tilt in fortunes has rewarded not so much technical innovation or productivity growth or the opening of new markets as the wielding of political influence and privileged access to capital to capture and protect existing markets.

與許多國家一樣，印度最富有的1%人群在財富和收入中所占的比例近年來一直在迅速上升。根據(jù)世界不平等數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)，去年他們的收入增長了21.4%，略高于俄羅斯同行。瑞士信貸銀行認為他們在印度財富中所占的比例為39%，遠遠超過美國和中國最富有的1%。最令人擔憂的是，在印度，一些富人利用自己的影響力碾壓較小的競爭對手，從而成為超級富豪，壟斷了經(jīng)濟的多個領域。財富的傾斜所帶來的益處，與其說是技術創(chuàng)新、生產(chǎn)率增長或新市場的開放，不如說是政治影響力的發(fā)揮和資本獲得的特權，還有新市場的獲取以及現(xiàn)有市場的保護。

3. Merely a decade ago, according to data compiled by Marcellus, an investment-advice firm, among listed firms in India the 20 most profitable generated less than a third of profits. They now account for 70%. A study by Krishna Kant, a journalist, reveals that between 2014 and 2018 competition within ten different industries, from aviation to tyres, deteriorated markedly.

根據(jù)投資咨詢公司Marcellus匯編的數(shù)據(jù)，僅僅在十年前，在印度上市公司中，利潤最高的20家公司所創(chuàng)造的利潤還不到三分之一,而如今是70%。記者Krishna Kant的一項研究顯示，2014年至2018年間，從航空業(yè)到輪胎業(yè)等十個不同行業(yè)的競爭明顯惡化。

4. Across Indian markets, only the shares of giant firms have gained consistently over the past decade, says Rohit Chandra of IITDelhi, a university. International investors have noticed, and now bet increasingly not on promising new firms but on big old ones, which they expect to get even bigger. The government boasts that the five months from April to August saw a record $36bn in foreign investment, suggesting that its wise policies have sustained confidence during the covid-19 epidemic. What it trumpets less loudly is that more than half of that money, including hefty investments from Facebook and Google, poured into Mr Ambanis hands alone.

印度德里大學的羅希特錢德拉表示，在過去的十年里，印度市場上只有大型企業(yè)的股票持續(xù)上漲。國際投資者已經(jīng)注意到了這一點，他們現(xiàn)在不再把賭注押在前景很好的新公司上，而更加關注那些會變得更大的老公司。政府稱，從4月到8月的5個月里，外國投資達到創(chuàng)紀錄的360億美元，表明其政策在新冠疫情期間起了作用，政府沒有說的是，這其中一半的資金包括來自臉書和谷歌的投資，都流入了安巴尼的口袋。

5. It is easy to understand why. Things have a way of turning out as Mr Ambani wishes. Back in 2016, for instance, the tycoon used his massive earnings from petrochemicals to take a $25bn gamble, plunging into the maturing mobile-phone market. His timing was exquisite. Just as he rolled out a free service to lure customers, the government withdrew 86% of the countrys paper currency, leaving most of India strapped for cash and eager to find savings. Rival companies also found themselves burdened by lawsuits and crushing penalties for back taxes. Regulators ignored complaints. If his firm were Chinese it would have been charged with dumping, says one economist.

原因很容易理解。一切都會像安巴尼所想的那樣。早在2016年，安巴尼就利用他從石化行業(yè)獲得的巨額利潤進行了一場250億美元的賭博，進軍成熟的手機市場。他的時機把握得非常好。就在他推出一項，免費服務以吸引顧客的時候，印度政府撤出了86%的紙幣，這使得印度大部分地區(qū)現(xiàn)金短缺。競爭對手被訴訟和補繳稅款的沉重罰金所累,監(jiān)管機構對一切投訴置之不理。一位經(jīng)濟學家說:如果是在中國，他會面臨傾銷指控。

6. Mr Adani enjoys a similar Midas touch. In early 2019 his group, which controls around a quarter of Indias port capacity, ventured into a new field when the government tendered six 50-year airport-management contracts. Competing against established firms, Mr Adani nevertheless won all six. He has since bought two more, including a 74% share in Mumbai airport, Indias second-busiest. More recently, Mr Adani has counterbalanced big stakes in coal-fired power with lots of renewable energy, winning a $6bn government contract in June for various solar projects. The share price of Adani Green Energy, a subsidiary, has risen tenfold since March.

阿達尼也有類似點石成金的本領。2019年初，他的集團進入了一個新領域，政府競標了六份為期50年的機場管理合同。該集團控制著印度約四分之一的港口運力。盡管與老牌公司競爭，阿達尼還是贏得了全部6個項目。此后，他又收購了另外兩家機場，其中包括印度第二大機場孟買機場74%的股份。最近，阿達尼用大量可再生能源來平衡燃煤發(fā)電的巨大股份，今年6月，他贏得了一份60億美元的政府合同，負責多個太陽能項目。自3月份以來，子公司Adani Green Energy的股價已經(jīng)上漲了10倍。

7. Some of Indias tycoons have prospered because they have learned not just to weatherunpredictability, but to game the system. That system, alas, is failing Indias poor. Measures ofmalnutrition and stunting reveal an alarming backward slide over the past year. The unemployment rate shows some recovery from the worst of the covid shock, but that fails to capture the astonishing bleakness of Indias labour market. Before covid hit, barely 40% of adults were in paid work, according to the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy, a research firm. Now only 36% are. The rest, including legions of housewives, see no point in even looking for a job.

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