劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage2真題翻譯(2)

劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage2真題翻譯(2) 關(guān)于這個(gè)問題下面小編就來為各個(gè)考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test4閱讀passage2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14^26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

SAVING THE SOIL

拯救我們的土壤

More than a third of the Earth's top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet’s most precious resource?

超過三分之一地表土坡正處于危險(xiǎn)之中。我們星球最寶貴的資源是否還有希望恢復(fù)?

D But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since.

But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn't such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish.

D但隨著人口的增長和農(nóng)業(yè)逐漸變得商業(yè)化,這些做法越來越不可行了。直到20世紀(jì)早期,出現(xiàn)了一種新的解決方案——用哈伯-博斯制氨法( Haber-Bosch process制造氨硝酸。從那以后,農(nóng)民們就在田地里施加這種合成肥料。

但是在過去的幾十年間,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)方法并不明智,因?yàn)榛蕰?huì)釋放出氧化亞氪污染大氣,而且多余肥料被雨水沖走,向河流中釋放氮。最近我們發(fā)現(xiàn)化肥濫用會(huì)破壞土壤本身,使它呈酸性或堿性,使本該變得肥沃的土壤進(jìn)一步退化。

E One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world’s top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris’s mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak.

E有一個(gè)試圖解決問題的人叫 Pius floris,他起初在荷蘭經(jīng)營樹木護(hù)理業(yè)務(wù),現(xiàn)在給數(shù)位的土壤科學(xué)家提供咨詢。他開始意識到使樹木繁茂的一個(gè)重要條件是保護(hù)土壤,為了達(dá)成這個(gè)目標(biāo),他還開發(fā)了一種混雜有益細(xì)菌、真菌和腐殖質(zhì)的物質(zhì)。西班牙巴利亞多利德大學(xué)的研究者們最近把這種混合物施在了遭受多年化肥濫用的土壤中。在貧瘠的沙漠般的試驗(yàn)田里,他們施用了 floris的混合物后,結(jié)果長出了些長勢良好的作物,不但表面上看起來很健康,而且它們發(fā)達(dá)的根系可穿透像巖石般堅(jiān)硬的土壤。而在另一片對比試驗(yàn)田里,依然使用傳統(tǒng)的化肥,植物看上去矮且虛弱。

F However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That’s not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.

F然而,這種措施無法解決全球土壤退化的問題。想要在全球范圍內(nèi)權(quán)衡我們的選擇,我們首先需要對土壤類型和它們各自面臨的問題有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的了解。這并非易事。一方面,目前還沒有國際統(tǒng)一的土壤分類。為了統(tǒng)一不同的方法,聯(lián)合國成立了全球土壤圖項(xiàng)目。來自9個(gè)國家的研究人員共同創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)與數(shù)據(jù)庫相連的地圖,該數(shù)據(jù)庫可以輸入實(shí)地調(diào)查、無人機(jī)調(diào)查、衛(wèi)星圖像、實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析等方式得來的數(shù)據(jù),旨在提供關(guān)于土壤狀態(tài)的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。在接下來的4年內(nèi),他們的目標(biāo)是繪制出世界范圍內(nèi)深至100米的土壤的地圖,所有的研究結(jié)果都可免費(fèi)公開。

G But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. 'Most scientists don't speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa. ， Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of ‘zero net land degradation，. Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.

For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?

Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.

G但這只是解決問題的步。加拿大溫尼伯國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所的 PamelaChasek表示,我們需要想辦法讓政府和公眾知曉問題的存在。他說:“對大多數(shù)科學(xué)家的說辭,決策者們并不買賬,反過來也是這樣?！?Chasek及其同事們已經(jīng)提出了一個(gè)目標(biāo),即“零土壤退化”。就像零碳排放的想法一樣,這個(gè)目標(biāo)更易于理解,可以幫助人們制訂預(yù)期目標(biāo),鼓勵(lì)人們采取行動(dòng)。

對于瀕臨退化的土壤,可能為時(shí)已晚。一些研究人員鼓勱人們采取行動(dòng)保護(hù)瀕危的土壤。其中一個(gè)難點(diǎn)是界定應(yīng)該保護(hù)什么樣的區(qū)域:是土壤多樣性的區(qū)域?還是未受污染的土壤區(qū)域,因?yàn)檫@可以作為未來土壤質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?

無論我們做什么,如果我們布望保持土壤,需要立刻采取行動(dòng)。

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