托福tpo54聽力lecture2 Benefits of Muon Detectors

托福tpo54聽力lecture2 Benefits of Muon Detectors，那么接下來就跟著中國教育在線的小編詳細(xì)了解一下吧。

Benefits of Muon Detectors托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Benefits of Muon Detectors托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:A popular misconception about archaeology:Some people imagine we just go out into the field with a shovel and start digging,hoping to find something significant.

Well,while there is an element of luck involved,we have an array of high-tech tools to help us figure out where to concentrate our efforts.

One of the newer tools actually relies on particle physics.Talk about interdisciplinary!

Here's a machine that brings together two very different sciences.This machine is called a muon detector.

Muons are subatomic particles that result from cosmic rays….

OK,let me start over.Cosmic rays aren't actually"rays"—they're basically protons,zipping through outer space at close to light speed.And when they collide with the atoms in Earth's atmosphere,they break up into smaller particles—muons.

Now,these muons are still highly energized,so they can easily pass on down to the Earth's surface.In fact,they can pass through solid matter,so they can also penetrate deep into the surface.And it's this property of muons that archaeologists are taking advantage of.Let me explain.With the right kind of equipment,scientists can use muons to create a-a-a kind of picture of the structures they're studying.

Let's say we're studying a Mayan pyramid in Central America,and we're interested in finding out if there are burial chambers or other rooms inside.Well,a muon detector will show a greater number of muons passing through the less dense areas inside the pyramid. 

Yes,Andrew?

MALE STUDENT:Um,I'm not sure I get how this muon detector works exactly…FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,muons lose energy as they pass through dense material,like the stone walls of a Mayan pyramid.So,more muons,and more energetic muons,will be passing through empty spaces.The muon detector can differentiate the areas where more muons are passing through—the empty spaces—as well as where there are fewer muons—the walls and dense areas.

These empty spaces will show up as darker.So we wind up with a-a kind of picture of the pyramid,and its internal structure.

MALE STUDENT:A picture?FEMALE PROFESSOR:Sort of like an x-ray image.MALE STUDENT:OK,so if we see darker areas inside the pyramid,we assume it's an empty space with more muons.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.With this technology,we can see what's inside a structure before we dig.So we know exactly where to explore,and we can minimize the damage excavation can cause—

even a little damage could result in our losing vital information forever.

Now,muon detectors have been around for some time,but they've been improved upon since archaeologists started using them.

In 1967,a physicist placed a muon detector beneath the base of one of the Egyptian pyramids at Giza.And he was looking for burial chambers.Now,it happened that the muon detector found none,but he did demonstrate that the technique worked.

Unfortunately,the machine he used was so big that many archaeologists doubted muon detection could be practical.How could they get a massive piece of equipment into,say,uh,the jungles of Belize?

Then there was the issue of range.

The machine used in 1967 could only scan for muons directly above it,not from the sides,so it actually had to be put underneath the pyramid so it could look up.That meant,if you wanted to find out what was inside an ancient structure,you'd first have to bury the detector beneath it.There's been a lot of work on these machines since then,and these problems have been solved by and large.That's not to say the technology is perfect.It-it would be nice,for example,to have a system that didn't take six months to produce an image.I suppose that's better than the year it took for the 1967 study to get results,

but still….Well,there's good reason to believe that with better equipment,we're going to see muon detectors used much more frequently.They're already being used in other areas of science—uh,for example Japanese scientists studying the interiors of volcanoes—and there are plenty of archaeologists who would love to use this technology.

二、Benefits of Muon Detectors托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在考古學(xué)課上聽講座的一部分。

女教授：關(guān)于考古學(xué)的一個(gè)普遍誤解：有些人認(rèn)為我們只是拿著鏟子到田野里去挖掘，希望能找到有意義的東西。

嗯，雖然有運(yùn)氣的因素，但我們有一系列高科技工具來幫助我們找到集中精力的地方。

其中一個(gè)較新的工具實(shí)際上依賴于粒子物理學(xué)。談?wù)摽鐚W(xué)科！

這是一臺(tái)匯集了兩門截然不同的科學(xué)的機(jī)器。這臺(tái)機(jī)器被稱為μ介子探測(cè)器。

μ子是宇宙射線產(chǎn)生的亞原子粒子…。

好的，讓我重新開始。宇宙射線實(shí)際上并不是“射線”——它們基本上是質(zhì)子，以接近光速的速度穿過外層空間。當(dāng)它們與地球大氣中的原子碰撞時(shí)，會(huì)分裂成更小的粒子μ子。

現(xiàn)在，這些μ介子仍然是高能量的，所以它們可以很容易地傳遞到地球表面。事實(shí)上，它們可以穿過固體物質(zhì)，因此也可以深入地表。考古學(xué)家正在利用μ介子的這種特性。讓我解釋一下。有了合適的設(shè)備，科學(xué)家們可以使用μ介子來創(chuàng)建一種他們正在研究的結(jié)構(gòu)的圖片。

比方說，我們正在研究中美洲的一座瑪雅金字塔，我們想知道里面是否有墓室或其他房間。嗯，μ介子探測(cè)器將顯示更多的μ介子穿過金字塔內(nèi)密度較小的區(qū)域；

是的，安德魯？

男學(xué)生：嗯，我不知道這個(gè)μ子探測(cè)器到底是怎么工作的……女教授：嗯，μ子通過致密物質(zhì)時(shí)會(huì)損失能量，比如瑪雅金字塔的石墻。因此，更多的μ介子和更多的能量μ介子將通過空空間。μ介子探測(cè)器可以區(qū)分穿過空空間的μ介子較多的區(qū)域，以及墻壁和密集區(qū)域μ介子較少的區(qū)域。

這些空白將顯示為較暗。所以我們最終得到了一張金字塔的圖片，以及它的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。

男學(xué)生：一張照片？女教授：有點(diǎn)像x射線圖像。男學(xué)生：好的，如果我們看到金字塔內(nèi)部較暗的區(qū)域，我們假設(shè)它是一個(gè)有更多μ介子的空白空間。

女教授：沒錯(cuò)。利用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，我們可以在挖掘之前看到結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的內(nèi)容。因此，我們知道確切的勘探地點(diǎn)，我們可以將挖掘可能造成的損害降至最低-

哪怕是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)損害都可能導(dǎo)致我們永遠(yuǎn)失去重要信息。

現(xiàn)在，μ介子探測(cè)器已經(jīng)存在了一段時(shí)間，但自從考古學(xué)家開始使用以來，它們已經(jīng)得到了改進(jìn)。

1967年，一位物理學(xué)家在吉薩的一座埃及金字塔底部放置了一個(gè)μ介子探測(cè)器。他在尋找墓室。現(xiàn)在，碰巧μ介子探測(cè)器什么也沒發(fā)現(xiàn)，但他確實(shí)證明了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)有效。

不幸的是，他使用的機(jī)器太大了，以至于許多考古學(xué)家懷疑μ介子探測(cè)是否可行。他們?cè)趺茨馨岩患薮蟮脑O(shè)備運(yùn)到伯利茲的叢林里呢？

然后是射程問題。

1967年使用的這臺(tái)機(jī)器只能在其正上方掃描μ介子，而不能從側(cè)面掃描，因此它實(shí)際上必須放在金字塔的下面，這樣才能向上看。這意味著，如果你想找出古建筑內(nèi)部的東西，你首先必須把探測(cè)器埋在它下面。從那時(shí)起，這些機(jī)器上已經(jīng)做了很多工作，這些問題基本上已經(jīng)得到了解決。這并不是說技術(shù)是完美的。例如，如果有一個(gè)不需要六個(gè)月就能生成圖像的系統(tǒng)，那就太好了。我想這比1967年的研究結(jié)果要好，

但仍然…。嗯，有充分的理由相信，隨著設(shè)備的改進(jìn)，我們將看到μ介子探測(cè)器的使用更加頻繁。它們已經(jīng)被用于其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，例如研究火山內(nèi)部的日本科學(xué)家，還有很多考古學(xué)家喜歡使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。

三、Benefits of Muon Detectors托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Misconceptions about muon detectors

B.An investigation of an Egyptian pyramid using a muon detector

C.The collaboration between physicists and archaeologists in the development of the muon detector

D.Benefits that muon detectors can provide to archaeologists

Q2:2.What aspect of muons is most useful to archaeologists?

A.Their ability to carry information from outer space

B.Their ability to break down cosmic rays into smaller particles

C.Their ability to pass through solid matter

D.Their ability to change the color of some surfaces

Q3:3.According to the professor,what information can a muon detector provide about an ancient structure?

A.The internal temperature of the structure

B.The location of rooms within the structure

C.The age of the structure

D.The materials used to build the structure

Q4:4.Why does the professor discuss damage to archaeological sites?

A.To indicate a benefit of using muon detectors in archaeological research

B.To describe an accident with a muon detector during a pyramid excavation

C.To explain how muon detectors are useful in reconstructing damaged sites

D.To explain why muon detectors were not often used in the past

Q5:5.In what ways are modern muon detectors different from muon detectors used in 1967?[Click on 3 answers]

A.Modern detectors are less expensive.

B.Modern detectors use less energy.

C.Modern detectors are not as large.

D.Modern detectors take less time to produce an image.

E.Modern detectors can scan in more than one direction.

Q6:6.What is the professor's opinion about the newer muon detectors?

A.She appreciates the help they provide despite the time they take to produce images.

B.She fears that many archaeologists will be unwilling to learn to use them.

C.She feels that they have greater potential in areas of science other than archaeology.

D.They provide more accurate information about the age of objects than older detectors did.

四、Benefits of Muon Detectors托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：D

A2:正確答案：C

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：A

A5:正確答案：CDE

A6:正確答案：A

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