Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

Male Professor:Today,we'll continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture.We've already looked at portrait sculpture–which are busts created to commemorate people who had died-and we've looked at relief sculpture,or sculpting on walls.And today we look at yet another category of sculpture-copies.Roman sculptors often made copies of famous Greek sculptures.Female Student:Why did they do that?Male Professor:Well,no one knows for sure.You see,in the late fourth century B.C.,the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire…and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe.You know the saying,“To the victor belong the spoils?”Well,the Roman army returned to Rome with many works of Greek art.

It's probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed by Greek art and culture-and they began making copies of the Greek statues.Now,the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill,especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

Essentially,the traditional view–a view that's been prevalent for over 250 years–is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of their own.But,finally,some contemporary art historians have challenged this view.One is Elaine Gazda.Male Professor:Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies.She wasn’t convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity.Can anyone think of another possible reason?Male Student:Well…maybe they just admired the sculptures,you know,they liked the way they looked.Male Professor:Yes!That’s one of Gazda's points.Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy,it was not so easy in Roman times.Copying statues required a lot of skill,time,and effort.So,Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn't indicate a lack of artistic imagination-or skill-on the part of Roman artists,but rather,the Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture.

Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time.Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as,well,copies for copies'sake,and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.

Female Student:What do you mean…the Roman function?Weren't they just for decoration?Male Professor:Well,not necessarily.Under the emperor Augustus,at the height of the Roman Empire,portrait statues were sent throughout the empire…they were supposed to communicate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family,and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas become familiar with the Roman way of life.You know,Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire.Anybody care to guess what was on them?Male Student:The emperor’s face?Male Professor:That’s right.The coins were easy to distribute,and they allowed people to see the emperor,or at least his likeness,and served as an additional reminder to let them know,well,who was in charge.And the images helped people become familiar with the emperor—statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire.

Now,actually some Roman sculptures were original,but others were exact copies of Greek statues.And some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort;some combined more than one Greek statue,and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a Roman's head.At the time of Julius Caesar,it wasn’t uncommon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor.

And the Romans were clever…what they did was,they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures.Then,they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire,where they were replicated in marble or bronze.And on some statues the heads were removable–they could put an emperor's head on different bodies showing him doing different things.And then later,when the time came,they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body!

二、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在藝術(shù)史課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

男教授：今天，我們將繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)古羅馬雕塑。我們已經(jīng)看過肖像雕塑，這是為了紀(jì)念逝者而創(chuàng)作的半身像，我們也看過浮雕或墻上的雕刻。今天我們來看看另一類雕塑復(fù)制品。羅馬雕塑家經(jīng)常復(fù)制著名的希臘雕塑。女學(xué)生：他們?yōu)槭裁催@樣做？男教授：嗯，沒人確切知道。你看，在公元前四世紀(jì)末，羅馬人開始了擴(kuò)張羅馬帝國的運(yùn)動(dòng)……在300年里，他們征服了大部分地中海地區(qū)和歐洲部分地區(qū)。你知道有句諺語：“戰(zhàn)利品屬于勝利者嗎？”嗯，羅馬軍隊(duì)帶著許多希臘藝術(shù)品返回羅馬。

可以公平地說，羅馬人對希臘藝術(shù)和文化印象深刻，他們開始復(fù)制希臘雕像。現(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)史上的主流觀點(diǎn)是，羅馬藝術(shù)家缺乏創(chuàng)造力和技能，尤其是與之前的希臘藝術(shù)家相比。

從本質(zhì)上講，傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)——一種流行了250多年的觀點(diǎn)——是羅馬人復(fù)制希臘雕塑，因?yàn)樗麄儫o法創(chuàng)造自己的雕塑。但最后，一些當(dāng)代藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家對這一觀點(diǎn)提出了質(zhì)疑。一個(gè)是伊萊恩·加茲達(dá)。男教授：加茲達(dá)說，羅馬人抄襲可能還有其他原因。她不相信這是因?yàn)槿狈?chuàng)造力。有人能想出另一個(gè)可能的原因嗎？男學(xué)生：嗯……也許他們只是欣賞這些雕塑，你知道，他們喜歡它們的樣子。男教授：是的！這是加茲達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)之一。另一個(gè)原因是，雖然現(xiàn)在復(fù)制很容易，但在羅馬時(shí)代卻不那么容易。復(fù)制雕像需要大量的技能、時(shí)間和努力。因此，加茲達(dá)假設(shè)，復(fù)制并不意味著羅馬藝術(shù)家缺乏藝術(shù)想象力或技能，相反，羅馬人復(fù)制作品是因?yàn)樗麄冃蕾p希臘雕塑。

古希臘雕像代表了人體的理想化，在當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為相當(dāng)美麗。加茲達(dá)還認(rèn)為，將羅馬復(fù)制品視為復(fù)制品，而不考慮羅馬雕像的功能和意義，是錯(cuò)誤的。

女生：你說的羅馬函數(shù)是什么意思？它們不只是為了裝飾嗎？男教授：嗯，不一定。在奧古斯都皇帝的統(tǒng)治下，在羅馬帝國的鼎盛時(shí)期，肖像雕像被發(fā)送到整個(gè)帝國……它們被認(rèn)為是為了傳達(dá)關(guān)于皇帝和皇室的具體想法，并幫助被征服地區(qū)的居民熟悉羅馬的生活方式。你知道，羅馬貨幣也分布在整個(gè)帝國。有人想猜猜他們身上有什么嗎？男學(xué)生：皇帝的臉？男教授：沒錯(cuò)。這些硬幣很容易分發(fā)，人們可以看到皇帝，或者至少是他的肖像，并作為一個(gè)額外的提醒，讓他們知道，嗯，誰是負(fù)責(zé)人。這些圖像幫助人們熟悉了皇帝，他扮演的不同角色的雕像傳遍了整個(gè)帝國。

事實(shí)上，一些羅馬雕塑是原創(chuàng)的，但另一些是希臘雕塑的復(fù)制品。一些羅馬雕塑是某種組合；一些組合了不止一座希臘雕像，還有一些組合了希臘神或運(yùn)動(dòng)員和羅馬人的頭。在尤利烏斯·凱撒（Julius Caesar）時(shí)代，造像上有神的身體和皇帝的頭像并不罕見。

羅馬人很聰明……他們所做的是，他們用雕塑的模具制作石膏模型。然后，他們將這些石膏模型運(yùn)到帝國各地的工作室，在那里用大理石或青銅復(fù)制。在一些雕像上，頭是可移動(dòng)的——他們可以把皇帝的頭放在不同的身體上，顯示他在做不同的事情。后來，當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī)成熟時(shí)，他們甚至可以在同一具尸體上使用下一任皇帝的頭！

三、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Different views of a type of sculpture popular in ancient Roman times

B.Evidence that Romans had outstanding artistic ability

C.The differences between Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture

D.The relationship between art and politics in ancient Roman times

Q2:2.According to traditional art historians,why did the Romans copy Greek sculpture?

A.The Roman public was not interested in original works of art.

B.The Roman government did not support other forms of art.

C.Roman artists did not have sufficient skill to create original sculpture.

D.Romans wanted to imitate the art they admired.

Q3:3.What is Gazda's view of the Roman copies of Greek statues?

A.The copies represented the idea that Roman society was similar to Greek society.

B.The copies introduced the citizens of the Roman Empire to Greek history.

C.The copies were inferior to the original statues.

D.The copies had both artistic and political functions.

Q4:4.Why does the professor mention Roman coins?

A.To show the similarity between the likenesses of the emperor in statues and on coins

B.To illustrate the Roman policy of distributing the emperor s image throughout the empire

C.To imply that the citizens of the Roman Empire became quite wealthy

D.To suggest that the Romans also copied Greek art on their coins

Q5:5.According to the professor,why did the Romans sometimes remove the emperor's head from a statue?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.The head made the statue too heavy to transport.

B.The head was placed on the body of a different statue.

C.The emperor was no longer in power.

D.The emperor was not satisfied with the quality of the statue.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply when he says this:

A.Art historians frequently change their views.

B.The contemporary view is not easy to understand.

C.It is not difficult to determine why the Romans copied Greek sculptures.

D.The view of traditional art historians is probably incorrect.

四、Copies of Greek Sculptures托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：A

A2:正確答案：C

A3:正確答案：D

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：BC

A6:正確答案：D

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