劍橋雅思9Test2閱讀Passage3原文翻譯A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently

劍橋雅思9Test2閱讀Passage3原文翻譯A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently，今天中國(guó)教育在線就來(lái)為大家分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently

神經(jīng)學(xué)家解密創(chuàng)新思考

劍橋雅思9 Test2 Passage3閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain.We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain.These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics,which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors.A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one.Briefly,an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.

在過(guò)去十年里，科學(xué)家思考大腦的方式發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)革命。我們現(xiàn)在知道，人類(lèi)做出的決定可以追溯到大腦特定部位的神經(jīng)元放電模式。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出現(xiàn)。該領(lǐng)域研究大腦在需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域取得成功的秘密。能夠做到這一點(diǎn)的大腦具有叛逆的特點(diǎn)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，叛逆者是做別人認(rèn)為無(wú)法做到的事情的人。

第2段

This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people,but more precisely,it is the brains that are different in three distinct ways:perception,fear response,and social intelligence.Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain.Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant that thinking in an original,even revolutionary,way is more a matter of personality than brain function.But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical working of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions.By understanding these constraints,we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.

這個(gè)定義意味著叛逆者與他人不同。但是更確切地說(shuō)，是他們的大腦在三個(gè)截然不同的領(lǐng)域與他人不同：感知，恐懼反應(yīng)和社會(huì)智慧。這三種功能中的每一種文章來(lái)自 雅思都利用大腦中的不同回路。反對(duì)者可能認(rèn)為，大腦無(wú)關(guān)緊要，以創(chuàng)新甚至是革命性的方式思考更多的是性格而非大腦的作用。但正是因?yàn)檎J(rèn)識(shí)到大腦的客觀運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)限制著我們的決策方式，神經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)才由此誕生。通過(guò)了解這些約束，我們開(kāi)始理解為什么有些人會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的想法。

第3段

The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources.It has a fixed energy budget,about the same as a 40 watt light bulb,so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible.This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast.For example,when confronted with information streaming from the eyes,the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible.Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information,such as what other people say,to make sense of what it is seeing.This happens all the time.The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we hardly ever aware of them.We think our perceptions of the world are real,but they are only biological and electrical rumblings.Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain.More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves,perception is a product of the brain.

首先要意識(shí)到的是，大腦擁有的資源有限。它具有固定的能量預(yù)算，大約與40瓦的燈泡相同，因此它已經(jīng)進(jìn)化為盡可能高效地工作。也正是這一點(diǎn)阻礙大多數(shù)人成為叛逆者。例如，當(dāng)面對(duì)來(lái)自眼睛的信息流時(shí)，大腦將以最快的方式解讀該信息。因此，它將利用過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和任何其他信息來(lái)源（例如別人說(shuō)的話）來(lái)理解所看到的內(nèi)容。這事兒一直發(fā)生。大腦采取行之有效的捷徑，以至于我們幾乎沒(méi)有意識(shí)到它們的存在。我們認(rèn)為我們對(duì)世界的看法是真實(shí)的，但它其實(shí)僅僅是生物和電子的回響。感知不僅僅是眼睛或耳朵傳輸?shù)酱竽X的產(chǎn)物。相比于光子或聲波的物理現(xiàn)實(shí)，感知更多的是大腦的產(chǎn)物。

第4段

Perception is central to iconoclasm.Iconoclasts see things differently to other people.Their brains do not fail into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain.Iconoclasts,either because they were born that way or through learning,have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcut that plague most people.Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain.It is a learned process,which is both a curse and an opportunity for change.The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the sense.Everything the brain sees,hears,or touches has multiple interpretations.The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory.In technical terms,these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and,importantly for potential iconoclasts,what other people say.

感知對(duì)于離經(jīng)叛道至關(guān)重要。叛逆者對(duì)事物的看法與其他人不同。他們的大腦不會(huì)像普通人的大腦那樣陷入效率陷阱。叛逆者，無(wú)論是因?yàn)樗麄兂錾绱诉€是后天習(xí)得，已經(jīng)找到了繞過(guò)困擾大多數(shù)人的感知捷徑的方法。感知不是大腦連接的硬件。這是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程，既是詛咒，也是變革的機(jī)會(huì)。大腦面臨著從感覺(jué)上解釋身體刺激的根本問(wèn)題。大腦看到，聽(tīng)到或觸摸的一切都有多種解釋。最終選擇的只是大腦的最佳理論。用技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，這些猜想是建立在一種解釋優(yōu)于另一種解釋的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)可能性的基礎(chǔ)之上的，并且受過(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其他人的觀點(diǎn)的影響很大。這點(diǎn)對(duì)于潛在的叛逆者而言十分重要。

第5段

The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before.Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments.Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different.Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.

獲取與眾不同的思維方式的最好辦法是用從未經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事物轟炸大腦。新鮮事物從過(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的鎖鏈中釋放出感知過(guò)程，并迫使大腦做出新的判斷。成功的叛逆者非常愿意接觸新鮮和不同的事物。對(duì)叛逆者的觀察表明，他們擁抱新鮮事物，而大多數(shù)人則會(huì)避免與眾不同的東西。

第6段

The problem with novelty,however,is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system.Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks.There are many types of fear,but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule.These may seem like trivial phobia.But fear of public speaking,which everyone must do from time to time,afflicts one-third of the population.This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder.It is simply a common variant of human nature,one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.

但是，新鮮事物的問(wèn)題在于，它往往會(huì)觸發(fā)大腦的恐懼系統(tǒng)?？謶质窍衽涯嬲吣菢铀伎嫉闹饕系K，它將普通人困在既定軌道上。恐懼有多種類(lèi)型，但抑制反傳統(tǒng)思維并且人們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難處理的兩種是：對(duì)不確定的恐懼和對(duì)公眾嘲笑的恐懼。這看起來(lái)可能像是微不足道的東西。但對(duì)公開(kāi)演講的恐懼困擾著三分之一的人口，而每個(gè)人又都得時(shí)不時(shí)做公開(kāi)演講。正是因?yàn)檫@種現(xiàn)象太過(guò)常見(jiàn)，人們很難將其看作一種精神疾病。這使得人們普遍認(rèn)為它是一種精神障礙。它只是人類(lèi)本性的一種常見(jiàn)變化，而叛逆者則不會(huì)讓其阻礙他們的反應(yīng)。

第7段

Finally,to be successful iconoclasts,individuals must sell their ideas to other people.This is where social intelligence comes in.Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting.In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making.Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think,empathy,fairness,and social identity.These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas.Perception is important in social cognition too.The perception of someone’s enthusiasm,or reputation,can make or break a deal.Understanding how perception becomes interviewed with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.

最后，要成為成功的叛逆者，一個(gè)人必須向他人兜售自己的想法。這就輪到社交智慧登場(chǎng)了。社交智慧是在商業(yè)環(huán)境中理解和管理人的能力。在過(guò)去的十年中，人們對(duì)社會(huì)型大腦的認(rèn)知突飛猛進(jìn)，對(duì)這種大腦在團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作共同決策時(shí)所起的作用也了如指掌。神經(jīng)科學(xué)已經(jīng)揭示了哪些大腦回路負(fù)責(zé)諸如理解他人想法，同理心，公平和社會(huì)認(rèn)同等功能。這些大腦區(qū)域在人們是否能說(shuō)服他人相信自己的想法方面起著關(guān)鍵作用。感知在社會(huì)認(rèn)知中也很重要。對(duì)某人熱情，或聲譽(yù)的看法，可以成就或破壞異一場(chǎng)交易。若能了解感知與社會(huì)決策交纏的關(guān)系，就能明白為什么成功的叛逆者如此稀少。

第8段

Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business.They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees.Rules aren’t important to them.Iconoclasts face alienation and failure,but can also be a major asset to any organization.It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

從藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)到技術(shù)，再到商業(yè)，叛逆者在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)造新的機(jī)會(huì)。他們所提供的創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新是其他人所無(wú)法輕易企及的。規(guī)則對(duì)他們并不重要。叛逆者面臨著疏遠(yuǎn)和失敗，但對(duì)于任何組織來(lái)說(shuō)他們也是一項(xiàng)重要的資產(chǎn)。了解叛逆者的大腦如何工作對(duì)于在任何領(lǐng)域取得成功至關(guān)重要。

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