劍橋雅思15Test1Passage2閱讀答案解析 Driverless cars 無人駕駛

劍橋雅思15Test1Passage2閱讀答案解析 Driverless cars

A部分

The automotive sector is well used to adapting to automation in manufacturing. The implementation of robotic car manufacture from the 1970s onwards led to significant cost savings and improvements in the reliability and flexibility of vehicle mass production. A new challenge to vehicle production is now on the horizon and, again, it comes from automation. However, this time it is not to do with the manufacturing process, but with the vehicles themselves.

汽車部門早就很好的適應(yīng)了生產(chǎn)過程中的自動化。自20世紀70年代采用機器人制造汽車以來，汽車大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)成本大幅下降，并且可靠性與靈活性有所提升。現(xiàn)在，汽車生產(chǎn)又出現(xiàn)新的挑戰(zhàn)，而且它仍然來自自動化。然而，這一次它與制造過程無關(guān)，而是關(guān)于汽車自身。

Research projects on vehicle automation are not new. Vehicles with limited self-driving capabilities have been around for more than 50 years, resulting in significant contributions towards driver assistance systems. But since Google announced in 2010 that it had been trialling self-driving cars on the streets of California, progress in this field has quickly gathered pace.

汽車自動化方面的研究項目并不是什么新鮮事。帶有有限自動駕駛功能的汽車已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了50多年，為駕駛輔助系統(tǒng)做出重大貢獻。但自從谷歌于2010年宣布，它正在加利福尼亞的街頭測試自動駕駛汽車，該領(lǐng)域的進展速度明顯加快。

B部分

There are many reasons why technology is advancing so fast. One frequently cited motive is safety; indeed, research at the UK’s Transport Research Laboratory has demonstrated that more than 90 percent of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor, and it is the primary cause in the vast majority. Automation may help to reduce the incidence of this.

有很多原因可以解釋為什么科技進步如此之快。一項經(jīng)常被提及的動機是安全。確實，英國交通研究實驗室的研究已經(jīng)證明，90%以上的道路碰撞事故都涉及人為錯誤，而且它還是絕大多數(shù)事故的主要原因。自動化或許可以幫助減少此類事情的發(fā)生。

Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for other purposes. If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialise or simply to relax while automation systems have responsibility for safe control of the vehicle. If the vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by existing mobility models – such as older or disabled travellers – may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy.

另外一項目的是將人類用于駕駛的時間解放出來以投入其他目標(biāo)。如果汽車能夠進行部分或者所有的駕駛工作，那么在自動駕駛系統(tǒng)為安全操控負責(zé)時，人們就可以進行工作、社交或者僅僅是放松一下。如果汽車能夠自動駕駛，那么那些受困于現(xiàn)有移動模式的人-比如老年人或者殘疾人-就可以享受更大程度的出行自由。

C部分

Beyond these direct benefits, we can consider the wider implications for transport and society, and how manufacturing processes might need to respond as a result. At present, the average car spends more than 90 percent of its life parked. Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing become much more viable, particularly in urban areas with significant travel demand. If a significant proportion of the population choose to use shared automated vehicles, mobility demand can be met by far fewer vehicles.

除了這些直接的好處，我們還可以設(shè)想這一變革給交通和社會帶來的更廣泛的影響，以及制造過程可能因此需要做出怎樣的應(yīng)對。目前，平均一輛車有90%以上的時間都停泊不動。自動化意味著汽車共享的提議變得更加可行，尤其是在擁有大量出行需求的城市地區(qū)。如果大部分人口選擇使用共享汽車，那么極少量汽車就可以滿足移動需求。

D部分

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology investigated automated mobility in Singapore, finding that fewer than 30 percent of the vehicles currently used would be required if fully automated car sharing could be implemented. If this is the case, it might mean that we need to manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand.

麻省理工學(xué)院在新加坡研究自動化的出行方案，發(fā)現(xiàn)如果實行全自動汽車共享的話，只需要當(dāng)前汽車使用量的不到30%即可。如果事實真的如此，這可能意味著我們只需要生產(chǎn)遠少于現(xiàn)在的汽車就能夠滿足需求。

However, the number of trips being taken would probably increase, partly because empty vehicles would have to be moved from one customer to the next.

然而，旅程次數(shù)可能會有所上升，部分原因在于空置車輛需要從一位顧客前往下一位顧客那里。

Modelling work by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute suggests automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent, but that vehicles’ average annual mileage would double as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be used more intensively, and might need replacing sooner. This faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle production will not necessarily decrease.

密歇根大學(xué)交通研究院所搭建的模型顯示，自動化汽車也許會將汽車保有量降低43%，但結(jié)果是汽車的平均年行駛里程會翻倍。這樣一來，每輛車的使用會更加頻繁，并需要更快的進行更換。這一更快的置換率可能意味著汽車生產(chǎn)未必會下降。

E部分

Automation may prompt other changes in vehicle manufacture. If we move to a model where consumers are tending not to own a single vehicle but to purchase access to a range of vehicles through a mobility provider, drivers will have the freedom to select one that best suits their needs for a particular journey, rather than making a compromise across all their requirements.

自動化可能會推動汽車制造領(lǐng)域的其他變化。如果我們切換成這樣一種模式：消費者不再想要擁有自己的車輛，而是通過某個移動交通工具供應(yīng)商購買一系列汽車的使用權(quán)，那么司機將可以自由選擇最能滿足他們特定旅程需要的汽車，而不是通盤考慮所有需求進行妥協(xié)。

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in most cars are unoccupied, this may boost production of a smaller, more efficient range of vehicles that suit the needs of individuals. Specialised vehicles may then be available for exceptional journeys, such as going on a family camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to university.

由于大部分汽車的大部分座位在大多數(shù)時間都是空置的，這可能會推動生產(chǎn)一系列更小、更加高效的車輛以滿足個人需求。到那時可能會出現(xiàn)為獨特旅程定制的車輛，如家庭野營之旅或者送子女去上大學(xué)。

F部分

There are a number of hurdles to overcome in delivering automated vehicles to our roads. These include the technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations it might encounter; the regulatory challenges in understanding how liability and enforcement might change when drivers are no longer essential for vehicle operation; and the societal changes that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as being a valuable part of the mobility landscape.

在自動化汽車上路之前，還有許多困難需要克服。它們包括確保汽車能夠在各種可能遇到的交通、天氣和道路狀況下可靠行駛的技術(shù)困難；當(dāng)司機不再是汽車運行的必要元素時，如何理解責(zé)任和義務(wù)相應(yīng)變化的規(guī)則挑戰(zhàn)，以及民眾信任和接受自動化汽車作為出行圖景中頗具價值的組成部分所需要的社會轉(zhuǎn)變。

G部分

It’s clear that there are many challenges that need to be addressed but, through robust and targeted research, these can most probably be conquered within the next 10 years. Mobility will change in such potentially significant ways and in association with so many other technological developments, such as telepresence and virtual reality, that it is hard to make concrete predictions about the future. However, one thing is certain: change is coming, and the need to be flexible in response to this will be vital for those involved in manufacturing the vehicles that will deliver future mobility.

顯然，仍然有許多挑戰(zhàn)等待解決，但通過富有活力并且目標(biāo)明確的研究，這些問題很有可能在接下來的10年里得以克服。出行方式將會發(fā)生意義深遠的變化，再加上如此多的其他技術(shù)的發(fā)展（比如遠程呈現(xiàn)以及虛擬現(xiàn)實），我們很難對未來做出具體的預(yù)測。然而，有一點是肯定的：變化即將到來。在應(yīng)對這一變化時保持靈活，對于那些牽扯到汽車制造，并為未來提供交通工具的各方團體來說至關(guān)重要。

第14題答案：C

對應(yīng)原文：C部分第1段：At present, the average car spends more than 90 percent of its life parked.

答案解析：原文指出，“目前，平均每輛車有90%以上的時間都停泊不動”。其中parked與not in use對應(yīng)，more than 90 percent of its life對應(yīng)the maount of time，由此確定答案為C。

第15題答案：B

對應(yīng)原文：B部分：One frequently cited motive is safety … Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for other purposes …  those who are challenged by existing mobility models may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy.

答案解析：B部分一開始就提到，無人駕駛技術(shù)文章來自老烤鴨雅思進步如此之快有許多原因。隨后有詳細列舉了三個好處：安全，解放時間，以及賦予殘疾人和老年人更大的出行自主性。由此確定答案為B。

第16題答案：E

對應(yīng)原文：E部分第1段：drivers will have the freedom to select one that best suits their needs for a particular journey

答案解析：E部分提到，“司機有自由選擇最適合他們某一出行需求的車輛”。其中freedom對應(yīng)opportunity，select對應(yīng)choosing，most appropriate對應(yīng)best suits，particular journey對應(yīng)each trip，由此確定E為正確答案。

第17題答案：G

對應(yīng)原文：G部分：It’s clear that there are many challenges that need to be addressed but … these can most probably be conquered within the next 10 years.

答案解析：G部分開頭提到，“雖然有許多挑戰(zhàn)等待解決，但這些問題很有可能在未來10年內(nèi)得到解決”。其中next 10 years對應(yīng)how long，conquered對應(yīng)overcome，由此鎖定答案。

第18題答案：D

對應(yīng)原文：D部分第2段：This faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle production will not necessarily decrease.

答案解析：D部分第2段最后一句提到，“更快的置換率可能意味著汽車生產(chǎn)量不必下降”。即使用無人駕駛汽車對汽車的生產(chǎn)量沒有什么影響。由此鎖定答案。

第19題答案：human error

對應(yīng)原文： B部分第1段：research at the UK’s Transport Research Laboratory has demonstrated that more than 90 percent of road collisions involve human error as a contributory factor

答案解析：根據(jù)Transport Research Laboratory定位到B部分的這句話。原文中提到，90%以上的交通事故都涉及人為犯錯的因素。題干中due to對應(yīng)contributory factor，由此確定human error為正確答案。

第20題答案：car (-) sharing

對應(yīng)原文：C部分：Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing become much more viable

答案解析：這道題比較考驗大家對同義替換的敏感程度。題干中schemes對應(yīng)initiatives，workable對應(yīng)viable，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)判斷答案為car-sharing。

第21題答案：ownership

對應(yīng)原文：D部分第3段：Modelling work by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute suggests automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent

答案解析：根據(jù)University of Michigan和43 percent定位到D部分的這句話。題干問的是哪方面的數(shù)量會有下降，只有ownership填上去語義合適，由此確定它為答案。

第22題答案：mileage

對應(yīng)原文：D部分第3段：but that vehicles’ average annual mileage would double as a result.

答案解析：根據(jù)however與but的對應(yīng)定位導(dǎo)致這句話，yearly與annual同義替換，由修飾關(guān)系確定mileage為答案。

第23題答案：C

對應(yīng)原文：B部分第2段：If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialise or simply to relax

答案解析：原文中提到，“如果汽車能夠自動駕駛，那么人們就可以工作、社交或者僅僅是放松一下”，對應(yīng)C選項doing something other than driving，由此判斷C為正確答案。

第24題答案：D

對應(yīng)原文：B部分第2段：If the vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by existing mobility models – such as older or disabled travellers – may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy.

答案解析：原文中提到，“無人駕駛可以使那些受困于目前出行模式的人，比如老年人或者殘疾人，享受更大的出行自主權(quán)”。D選項physically difficult對應(yīng)older or disabled travellers，independently對應(yīng)autonomy，由此判斷它為正確答案。A選項錯在car travellers（是汽車生產(chǎn)商節(jié)省成本，而非司機）；B選項和E選項原文中都未曾提及。

第25題答案：A

對應(yīng)原文：F部分：the societal changes that may be required for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles

答案解析：F部分提到其中一項困難是“讓公眾信任和接受自動化車輛”。A選項中confidence對應(yīng)trust and accept，由此鎖定答案。

第26題答案：E

對應(yīng)原文：F部分：technical difficulties in ensuring that the vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations it might encounter

答案解析：F部分同時還提到了自動化汽車的技術(shù)困難，即“確保汽車在各種可能遇到的交通、天氣和道路狀況下都能夠可靠地行駛”。E選項中various different driving conditions即對應(yīng)交通、天氣和道路狀況，由此判斷它為正確答案。B選項，C選項和D選項在原文中都未提及，因此統(tǒng)統(tǒng)排除。

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