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托福閱讀同義詞替換

2023-10-19 17:15:16 來源:中國教育在線

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來越多,留學(xué)可以開闊眼界,也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制,而且國外名校眾多,教育水平也一流。下面小編就來和大家說說“托福閱讀同義詞替換”這個問題

托福閱讀同義詞替換

托福 閱讀同義詞替換

第一種:單詞替換

這一類型替換其實是語言中最容易辨別的,也就是單詞會以原形進(jìn)行不同的變化??偣灿袃煞N不同的變化;

1. 同義詞/近義詞

原文:The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in594B.C.,when he broke the aristocracy's strangle hold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding...

題目:According to paragraph3,an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to

[A]make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly

[B]make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office

[C]help the aristocrats maintain power

[D]Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens

原句中的broke the aristocracy’s strangle hold on elected offices 這句話中的broke 為否定詞,替換成近義詞否定,成為否定前綴non-, 而aristocracy 則替換成同義詞,替換成aristocrats。

TPO40 P1T9中也考察了類似變化

原文:Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures...

題目:According to Paragraph 4, one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to

[A]ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners

[B]distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region

[C]limit the number of aristocratic clans

[D]reduce the importance of family connections

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的weakening 同義替換成D選項中的reduce,近義詞變化,因此答案選D。

這一類型同義替換最主要是考察對于單詞的認(rèn)知,最常見就是相近相似單詞的變化,所以在辨識度上面比較容易,對于這樣的同義替換現(xiàn)象,其實只要針對固定的單詞進(jìn)行背誦,也就是托福??嫉膯卧~類型背誦,其實就可以大大避免錯誤量。

2. 詞組同義替換

TPO40P1T8

原文:By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out,andin508B.C.a new reformer, Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already underway.

題目:The tyrants were driven out, and in 508B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy

本題中出現(xiàn)的同義替換是詞組的同義替換,gave final form替換成completed the weakening , 雖然單詞不是特別的難,但是重點在于閱讀時不能只閱讀單詞,而是要以意群式閱讀,以詞組或者是短語為閱讀單位,這樣就不容易被此類干擾項混淆。

第二種:邏輯關(guān)系詞變化

這一種同義替換經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在邏輯關(guān)系的句子中,也就是句子主語和賓語在單詞上并不會有很大的變化,但是關(guān)系詞變化比較明顯,一般在平行結(jié)構(gòu)(and, but,or )或者在因果關(guān)系上最為明顯。

如:TPO33P3T3

原文:However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.

題目:3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.

B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.

C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.

D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.

該長句其實是2個長句的并列;主要分成2個意思:第一是沒有任何一種生物能永遠(yuǎn)地統(tǒng)治,第二是恐龍滅亡之后,哺乳動物開始發(fā)展統(tǒng)治,且兩層意思之間可以構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。所以只有B選項滿足所有條件。從此題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在備考過程中一定要熟悉句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系,如讓步,轉(zhuǎn)折,對比還有因果等關(guān)系等。

這一類型的同義替換最重要是能判別出前后二者的關(guān)系為何,一旦明確關(guān)系后就可以根據(jù)邏輯連接詞進(jìn)行干擾項的排除,快速解題。

第三種:句子信息概括

這一類型的同義替換是所有變形中最難也是托福閱讀中最難的一部分,大多數(shù)情況下這類型句子原文會比較長,甚至有可能是兩句話, 而答案會稍短一些,將兩句話中的內(nèi)容綜合就可以得出答案。

舉例說明:

TPO 40 P1T1

原文:One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800B.C.to500B.C.was the rise of the polis, or city-state,and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.

題目: Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?

A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.

D. By 500B.C.the city-states were no longer powerful.

題目中的句子是針對原文中那么長的一句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括, 每一個城邦有一種適應(yīng)其特征的政權(quán)概括起來就是不同的城邦有不同的政權(quán),因此答案應(yīng)該為C。

本題的概括性其實并沒有很難,重點在于了解句意, 并且知道該句的重點內(nèi)容究竟在何。

如果遇到更長一點的句子,那么重點就在反復(fù)討論的內(nèi)容和重點細(xì)節(jié)為何,這一點在TPO31P3T3上特別明顯:

原文:In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.

According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that

A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.

B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.

C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.

D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.

本題的答案其實就是根據(jù)該段中的for example一句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括后得出,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)原句句子很長且單詞比較具體,而答案中信息則是簡潔明了。這就是典型的概括性同義替換,同時題目難度也增加了。應(yīng)對這一類型題目,需要了解句子中的相關(guān)關(guān)系,擯棄過于細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容,抓主干即可。

托福閱讀復(fù)雜句的解題技巧

托福閱讀的文章中,復(fù)雜句也是難道很多同學(xué)的地方。其實復(fù)雜句看似很難,只要大家掌握到了解答的技巧,一樣能夠輕松搞定這類句子。為大家整理了相關(guān)的技巧,供大家參考。

1簡單句即基本句,就是英語在最簡單句子中的基本格局、也是千變?nèi)f化的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的雛形?;揪湫椭饕形宸N:

主-動-補(動詞就是我們所說的系動詞)

主-動(動詞就是我們所說的不及物動詞)

主-動-賓(動詞也就是我們所說的及物動詞)

主-動-賓-賓(第三種類型的引申)

主-動-賓-補(這個復(fù)雜一點,但是我們經(jīng)??吹降膭釉~固定表達(dá)就是屬于這一種)

2復(fù)雜句也就是我們經(jīng)常說的“從句”。從句的目的也是英語語言邏輯的精髓就是“修飾關(guān)系”,也就是在一個句子里表達(dá)更多的內(nèi)容和信息。

比如“跟別人告別的時候用力一點,因為你多說一句,可能就是最后一句,多看一眼,可能就是最后一眼…”這是屬于原因狀語從句、主句卻還是一個“祈使句”。再如“在這個憂傷而明媚的三月,我從我單薄的青春里打馬而過,穿過紫堇,穿過木棉,穿過時隱時現(xiàn)的悲喜和無常?!边@個句子,明明就是一個單句,雖然有“在”、但是后面卻接的是一個“三月”,整個句子的主語是“我”。

我們再來看幾個托福TPO里的句子你會發(fā)現(xiàn)其實并不難。

The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slop isoften a dramatic one.

肢解開開分析起來簡單多了,大家能不能一眼看到句子的核心呢?這句話的核心含義是:過渡帶很劇烈。

Within a ver tical distance of just a few tens of meters, treesdisappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.這句話的意思是:在…,樹消失…和被…代替。

This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.這句話的意思是:這個什么XX的“地帶”叫...。

In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or dese rt at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.這句話里有了where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,但是把它找出來也就不難理解句子了。這句話的意思為:在…, 有timberline,(一堆東西修飾了timberline)。

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類文章及段落結(jié)構(gòu)解析

托福閱讀考試的文章題材種類比較多,來源廣泛,因此也增加了大家的考試難度。其實針對不同類型的閱讀文章,也有一定的技巧。今天我們重點來講解的是托福閱讀中的學(xué)術(shù)類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)解析。

1.托福閱讀文章之學(xué)術(shù)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)

在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中,一般需要具備三個組成部分:

(1)Topic 話題:即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會現(xiàn)象,探討某個歷史事件;

在托福文章中,這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置??忌梢愿鶕?jù)篇首段信息對整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面:即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個方面進(jìn)行闡述說明。若話題為某個科學(xué)論點,則方面可能分為若干個支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象,則方面可能分為若干個內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個歷史事件,則方面為幾段發(fā)展時期;

在這種托福閱讀題材中,往往依照各個方面之間的層次關(guān)系,將各個方面拆分為若干個獨立的自然段落,共同組成行文主體;

(3)Attitude態(tài)度:即文章的作者對于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度?;蚴欠e極肯定,或是消極否定,或是保持中立。

在托福文章中,態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度,這三要素加起來就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu),考生通過篇首段落信息來把控整個文章話題及大致討論方向,再抓住文章的各個段落主旨,便可洞悉整個文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落,一般需要具備兩個組成部分:(1) Topic Sentence

主旨句:表達(dá)段落的主旨,即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;

(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié):為了詳細(xì)說明段落中心含義,所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容,即本段通過哪些例證來闡明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié),這兩個要素加起來就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu),考生通過段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。

總結(jié):當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后,對文章框架的把握就會做到心里有數(shù),更有利于提高托福閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準(zhǔn)確度。

通過上文的內(nèi)容介紹,大家對“托福閱讀同義詞替換”大家是不是有了一個大致的了解呢?如果大家還想了解更詳細(xì)、更多的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,則可以繼續(xù)關(guān)注本頻道,也可以向本頻道咨詢。

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