托福閱讀指代題技巧
2023-10-16 17:25:44 來源:中國教育在線
很多同學(xué)都很關(guān)注托福閱讀指代題技巧這個(gè)問題,那么接下來就跟著中國教育在線小編一起來看看吧,相信你通過以下的文章內(nèi)容就會(huì)有更深入的了解。
托福 閱讀指代題技巧
指代題是托福閱讀十大題型之一,雖然看上去考的是代詞的使用,其實(shí)還涉及到對(duì)句間邏輯關(guān)系理解的考察。有些童鞋在做題過程中容易懵,理不清頭緒。小編教你五句口訣,只要記住這五句話就可以輕松HOLD住指代題不被考倒。
1、見到代詞找指代,指代通常在前方
這句話是代詞指代題的總則,考生務(wù)必牢記:代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后,原詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在代詞之前。根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速排除選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)在代詞之后的詞匯,鎖定正確答案。
2、主代主,賓代賓,所有格,就近找
代詞指代的語法規(guī)則非常嚴(yán)格,因此考生要優(yōu)先考慮代詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z、賓語、還是所有格代詞,然后在前句中快速尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的語法成分就可以輕松解題。僅依靠這條規(guī)律就可以解決大部分代詞指代類題目,例如:
When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers", they are stung and eaten.
題目中代詞“they”在主句中充當(dāng)主語成分,考生迅速定位前方從句中的主語“small fish”,題目就迎刃而解。
又例如所有格代詞(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近該代詞的核心名詞:
Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
題目中的所有格代詞“their”之前有兩個(gè)名詞“florists”和“flowers”,語法基礎(chǔ)薄弱的考生要花些時(shí)間才能弄清楚所謂“他(它)們的”究竟是誰們的?事實(shí)上根據(jù)“就近原則”,在距離代詞最近的地方找到符合句中語意的核心名詞,就可以鎖定答案。而上述句中距離“their”最近的名詞時(shí)“flowers”,因此正確答案就是它。
3、平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配,多重指代層層推
所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)就是分層次描述,閱讀部分經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“not only..., but also...”,“one..., the other...”,“some..., others...”等固定搭配對(duì)兩層或多層語意進(jìn)行描寫,通過對(duì)這種常見結(jié)構(gòu)的把握,考生就可以快速鎖定答案。例如:
Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.
雖然上述語句語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語意都較為復(fù)雜,但不難看出題目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配,因此“others”做為代詞所指代的名詞必定是前文中的“many people”,正確答案應(yīng)為“adults”。
此外,為了增加難度,對(duì)于代詞指代的考察也經(jīng)常在定位方面設(shè)置障礙,既通過一層推理很難鎖定目標(biāo)詞匯。因此考生需要多一點(diǎn)耐心和多一份細(xì)心,在前文內(nèi)容中層層回溯,逐一定位,抽絲剝繭,最終必然能夠順利解題。例如:
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
本題看似復(fù)雜,其實(shí)通過層層倒推,鎖定目標(biāo)詞“cities”并不十分困難。
4、單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對(duì)應(yīng),主動(dòng)被動(dòng)要分清
代詞指代題中有一些常見陷阱,例如同時(shí)出現(xiàn)大量名詞,有單數(shù)、有復(fù)數(shù)、有可數(shù)名詞、也有不可數(shù)名詞,讓考生霧里看花;或是將前文中的主動(dòng)句改寫成后文的被動(dòng)句,顛三倒四,讓考生頭暈?zāi)X脹。破解這種陷阱的手法其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單,無論怎樣變化,代詞指代總有一定之規(guī),例如:
In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
本題中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主語帶主語”原則。代詞出現(xiàn)的語句是被動(dòng)句,因此“they”不再指代前文主語,而是指代前文中的賓語。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”還是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感動(dòng)彷徨無助,口訣中已經(jīng)明確指出,代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必然與原詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致,因此正確答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。
5、定位排除和代入,驗(yàn)證語意要記牢
總而言之,代詞指代題的解題步驟清晰明了:第一步定位文中代詞,用上述方法搜索原詞;第二步分析選項(xiàng),排除位置和語意不符的詞匯;第三步帶入原句中簡(jiǎn)單翻譯,進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
考生務(wù)必注意,驗(yàn)證是十分必要的一步,也是保證沖刺滿分的不二法門。一旦遇到拿不準(zhǔn)的題目,只要花幾秒鐘時(shí)間將代詞指代的成分帶入原句中驗(yàn)證一下,真?zhèn)瘟⒈妫WC萬無一失。
托福閱讀解題技巧之指代題
在IBT閱讀考題中,我們依然能看到一個(gè)熟悉的詞組“refer to ”,這是指代關(guān)系題的標(biāo)志。一般來說,3篇IBT閱讀題目中會(huì)有2至3道這種類型的試題,所以不能輕視。
一、 指代關(guān)系題可以分為兩類: 代詞指代題和詞匯指代題。
1. 代詞指代題:
對(duì)于代詞指代題,簡(jiǎn)單句中的這類題目可以采用就近原則來解決:先讀整個(gè)句子,以代詞為線索在其周圍尋找與它意思接近的詞匯或者短語。而對(duì)于主從復(fù)合句,采用后指代前的方法。 一般來說,從句的代詞主語指代主句的名詞主語。這個(gè)與主從復(fù)合句的類型沒有關(guān)系。
例如:
The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.
The word “they “refers to
A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments
這個(gè)句子為復(fù)合句,前半句的主語為skeletons,所以按照上面的原則A為正確答案。
2. 詞匯指代題:
這種類題主要是指所考察的指代詞語為詞匯或者短語,而不是指代。
例如:代詞指代題的常問方式為: The word “they, it, their...” refer to …
詞匯指代題的常問方式為: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中,“W ”為詞匯或者短語。
其解題技巧和代詞指代題解題技巧一樣,采用就近原則和后指代前的方法。
我們來看一個(gè)例子:
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.
The word “process” in refer to
A. The righting of tumbling cat
B. The cat’s fall slowed down
C. High-speed photography
D. A scientific experiment
這是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句, 從句的主語為process,所以答案應(yīng)該為The gyrations of the cat in midair,但是答案中沒有相同的選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)代詞指代的特點(diǎn),本句中找不到所指代的對(duì)象,所指代的對(duì)象通常出現(xiàn)在上一句話中,所以正確答案為A。
解答指代關(guān)系題的三大步驟
1. 看題干,確定指代類型
2. 帶著題干主線索回原文圈定答案范圍
3. 采用排除法,確定答案。
總之,正確理解原文是解決這類問題的關(guān)鍵,之后按照這三個(gè)步驟,采用就近原則和后指代前的技巧進(jìn)行解答。
指代題解題技巧
顧名思義,這種題是要問考生文中的代詞具體指代的是什么丁冬,說專業(yè)點(diǎn)叫做先行詞antecedent?;究梢苑譃樗念?。第一是人稱代詞或者物主代詞,如I, you, our, mine; 第二類是從句中的引導(dǎo)詞,如what, which, who;第三類是指示代詞,this, that(包括其指示的名詞,如問this reason, that purpose之類的);第四類是其他的代詞,all, most, some, many, the former, the latter之類。代詞需要遵循的首要原則是就近原則。從前面找離它較近的那個(gè)詞。找到以后把意義代回到原句中看合適不合適就可以了。OG還特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了,注意先行詞和代詞必須人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)一致??傮w來說這種題難度都不大。
用OG上的幾個(gè)例子說明:
先行詞,先行詞,顧名思義,一般應(yīng)該在代詞前面。根據(jù)就近原則就找出來postal service。代回去看看合適不合適,A,distribution有65個(gè)office; B銷售有65個(gè)office,C報(bào)紙有65個(gè)office,D,郵政服務(wù)有65個(gè)office。其他幾個(gè)都太荒誕了。這種題難度相對(duì)不大,也就不多說了。
托福閱讀題最重要的是找到閱讀段的主題句,分析出出題者的意圖,然后根據(jù)文章關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行答題??忌谧鐾懈i喿x題的時(shí)候需要重視開頭段,結(jié)尾段和過渡段,在這三個(gè)地方,一般會(huì)包含著托福閱讀段的真實(shí)題義。
托福閱讀指代題例題及參考答案
指代關(guān)系題考查讀者認(rèn)定代詞與篇章中其他詞語的指代關(guān)系的能力。大家可以根據(jù)下面的例子在真題中找到相似題加以練習(xí),相信會(huì)有不錯(cuò)的效果。
例題1:
Passage: “…These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides, they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”
The word they in the passage refers to
A. applied-art objects
B. the laws of physics
C. containers
D. the sides of pots
正確答案是A.
例題2:
Passage:“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette,established in 1719, the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper, the American Mercury, where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia, 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York, 3 newspapers. The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies…”
The word which in the passage refers to
A. distribution
B. sale
C. newspaper
D. postal service
正確答案是D.
以上,就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容分享,希望能給同學(xué)們帶來參考,如果您還有托福閱讀指代題技巧其他方面的疑問,歡迎隨時(shí)在線咨詢客服老師。
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