托福閱讀題六選三怎么給分

2023-10-15 14:43:01 來源：中國教育在線

現(xiàn)在留學(xué)的學(xué)生越來越多，留學(xué)可以開闊眼界，也能學(xué)習(xí)不一樣的教育體制，而且國外名校眾多，教育水平也一流。下面小編就來和大家說說“托福閱讀題六選三怎么給分”這個問題

托福閱讀題六選三怎么給分

托福閱讀六選三的題型其考察初衷是要求我們在閱讀結(jié)束應(yīng)該在頭腦中形成一個文章的整體框架，涵蓋整篇文章的主要觀點和信息。這就要求我們在閱讀的時候，把主要觀點和關(guān)鍵信息記錄下來同時梳理信息之間的關(guān)系，便于我們在讀完文章后梳理文章脈絡(luò)。

托福閱讀六選三題目的英文是Prose Summary，即文章小結(jié)題，因此我們找到選項一定要具有概括性，要么就能概括整段，要么就多概括幾段甚至全篇，本來印刷成本就夠高的了，還整那么多修飾或者具體到不能再具體的點嗎?因此修飾成分、具體舉例成分就是這個題目的弱點所在。之后我們就要了解一下這種題目的弱點和硬傷了。6個選項傳達很多信息了，當(dāng)你把這些信息匯總之后，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)共性是一直都在的，只是我們沒有挖掘出來，一旦將共性找出，題目的難度便會瞬間降低。那么共性在哪里呢?很簡單，錯誤選項的設(shè)置以及錯誤選項的特點。因此接下來，和大家share一下哪些選項我們可以從一上來就列為錯誤選項范疇~~

首先，我們先看一下TPO19-1，羅馬軍隊這一篇的最后一題的C和D

C：By recruiting unemployed young men for its auxiliary units， the armymade it possible for them to stay in their hometowns and provide financialsupport for their families.

D：The forts contributedto the quality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places whobrought with them new skills and techniques.

重要的部分我已經(jīng)用紅色標(biāo)出，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這兩個紅色部分就是一樣一樣一樣滴呀，都是by帶的一大坨，而大家想想看，by這個詞是干什么的呢?修飾!修飾的東西一般都不可能是正確答案，理由很簡單，ETS的印刷費是要錢的，既然給你印出了這么多修飾，那么就一定要達到迷惑你的目的呀!所以，如果選項中出現(xiàn)了介詞短語引導(dǎo)的一大坨修飾，或者定語從句這種本身就是一大坨修飾的東西，基本可以被pass了。

仍然是這套TPO，我們來看第二篇，Succession， Climax，and Ecosystems，仍然是最后一題，我們一起來看A選項

A：Areas that arerecovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floodsprovided special opportunities to observe the development of plant communities.

好吧，that引導(dǎo)了一個巨長無比的定語從句，所以就直接pass吧。親們，還是那句話，最后一題考的是總結(jié)，本來選項長度就是很有限的，寫那么多修飾是要鬧哪樣啊!必須是錯誤選項來迷惑人的呀，直接刪掉。

我們再看一下TPO11-3，Begging by Nesting，其中的C選項，如下

The success with which songbird nestlings communicate their hungerto their parents is dependent on the frequencies of the nestlings’ beggingcalls.

不難看出，仍讓是with which帶了一大堆的修飾，當(dāng)我們看到這一大幫修飾的時候，就義無返顧的把它列為錯誤選項吧。

相同的例子還有很多，我就不一一贅述了，錯誤答案其中一個特點就是各種修飾，要不然是定語從句，要不然是分詞或者介詞，不論如何，看到這種修飾，直接拉黑，正確答案必須具有總結(jié)性，短短20幾個單詞，總結(jié)還總結(jié)不過來呢，修飾鐵定就木有必要啦。

說完修飾成分之后，我們來進入第二個話題，“比較”。眾所周知，當(dāng)比較結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)在選項中的時候，有80%以上的選項都是錯的，除非原文中建立了比較關(guān)系。因此，在最后這個題目中，如果選項出現(xiàn)了比較，很簡單，just拉黑!我們一起看一些錯誤答案。

TPO12-1，Which HandDid They Use?

D：Neanderthal skeletonsoften have longer finger bones in the right hand， which is evidence thatthe right hand was stronger. 不僅有比較還有定語從句，長得就違章。

TPO12-2， Transition to Sound in Film

選項F：The arrival of sound film technology in theUnited States forced smaller producers in the motion pictureindustry out of business.

TPO13-1，Childrenand Advertising

F：Very young childrenare particularly influenced by host selling， while slightly older childrenare more readily misled by seemingly rational claims such as “the best”.

通過以上例子我們看出，比較結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)確實很是坑爹，看見就殺，別猶豫，除非你選來選去發(fā)現(xiàn)只選出來兩個選項的話，那咱再看看比較結(jié)構(gòu)是不是在原文出現(xiàn)過。不過選出兩個的話已經(jīng)搞定1分，所以要看投入產(chǎn)出比哦~~

下一個part，數(shù)字。其實很容易理解，數(shù)字都是細節(jié)，總結(jié)中出現(xiàn)細節(jié)就拉黑。不過要把年代和時間除外，因為有一類文章就是按照時間和年代排列的，所以時間和年代是文章重要的信息，如果劃掉，就木有可選的部分啦~~

TPO15-3， Mass Extinction

D：There was aparticularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250 million years agoat the end of the Permian period， whose cause could not be determined.好吧，250出現(xiàn)在了選項中，不是年代也不是時間，就是個二百五，直接殺~~

TPO16-2，Developmentof the Periodic Table

F：In the 1890’s， Ramsayand Lord Rayleigh isolated argon and proposed the existence of a new series ofelements.數(shù)字確實出現(xiàn)了，但是別著急殺來殺去的，這個1890是個年代，所以是重要信息，不能殺啊!!!

接下來，就是舉例性質(zhì)內(nèi)容，舉例要分大和小，比如OG上一篇opportunist那篇文章，最后一大段說的就是OAK這個東西，是舉例沒錯但是是個大例子，一大段那么多，因此最終選擇的時候我們也不能刪掉的。那么什么是小舉例呢，看看TPO21的geothermal energy那篇吧，最后一題的D選項說到一個experiment，好吧，木有看到呀，殺掉，太細節(jié)的東西了。但是如果總結(jié)性內(nèi)容為了說得更加透徹，會引入一兩個例子，引入的時候用such as，這樣的話問題不大，因為主體內(nèi)容是文章主題，這就沒問題。

最后要說的就是每個選項的主體描述對象和文章各段首句的對應(yīng)。如果讀完了文章各段首句，發(fā)現(xiàn)木有選項主體描述對象，那就直接殺吧。各段首句可以理解為概括性描述，而最終我們要選擇總結(jié)性的選項，總結(jié)了半天連各段主體都木有提到，那就洗洗睡吧。所以，如果你有記筆記的習(xí)慣，那就用筆記卡選項就好了;如果木有筆記，也木有時間，那么就用各段主題句去卡選項，最次的情況就是縮小范圍，當(dāng)然沒準(zhǔn)卡出來兩個你就賺了。

綜上所述，除了我們平時通常知道的那些錯誤選項特點之外，一定要再看看選項是否滿足以上所說的幾個特點：修飾成為(包括介詞、非謂和定從)過長;數(shù)字(不包括時間和年代);比較結(jié)構(gòu);小舉例內(nèi)容;沒有包括文章各段主句的描述主體。如果真中了，直接殺掉，縮小選項。所以，如果你運氣好，你的6選3很可能是4選3或者3選3哦，然后根據(jù)常規(guī)方法好好做就好了。因此，兩步，一篩一選。

我們最后看一個例子，TPO19-1，羅馬軍隊，以下是六個選項

(A) Although the presence of thearmy in certain areas caused resentment among the local population， it providedimportant services such as building infrastructure.

(B) Though the army appropriatedland and some goods， it also paid for many supplies， stimulating local economicgrowth.

(C) By recruiting unemployedyoung men for its auxiliary units， the army made it possible for them to stayin their home towns and provide financial support for their families.

(D) The forts contributed to thequality of local crafts by bringing in artisans from distant places who broughtwith them new skills and techniques.

(E)Largequantities of cash from soldiers’ pay stimulated development， but also drove upprices， making it hard for local residents to afford goods and services.

(F) Roman soldiers started families with local inhabitants， and overthe generations， the military community became a stable part of Britishsociety.

一個一個來看吧，分析如下：

A選項就有一個such as，而且之前我說過，有such as的可以是對的，因為主體是原文概括性內(nèi)容就ok，因此A暫時不是錯的。

B選項有一個stimulating，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾成分，是對是錯不好說，因為這個成分也不長啊。

C選項一上來就一個By，特別好，殺掉。

D選項中第一行的后一半到第二行全是by，而且包含定從，殺。

E選項有個making做分詞修飾，和B結(jié)構(gòu)相同，不過木有B那么長，很能是錯，不過暫時不做判斷。

F選項比較安全，沒有我們說過的點。

因此出判斷：CD是錯的，B和E有一個是對的，AF尚可。再回文章判斷B和E就好了，余下的內(nèi)容就是各自回到各自的定位區(qū)間去判斷。這樣一來6選3變成了4選3，而且你已經(jīng)選出兩個了，那么就很爽了~~

托福閱讀六選三題型

“六選三”的主旨題是托福閱讀最后一道大題最常出現(xiàn)的題型之一，即從六個選項中選取三個，加上給出的句子，合成對全文主要觀點的概括。正確選項的特征是"the most important ideas in the passage"，是文章的核心信息;反過來說，錯誤選項除了可能是文章根本沒有涉及的信息之外，典型特征之一是過多關(guān)注文章細節(jié)而不是主要觀點。下面我們以兩個題目分別來看如何判斷主旨信息和細節(jié)信息。

例題1：MINERALS AND PLANTS

下面分別是文章每段段首的信息：

Paragraph 1 Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.

Paragraph 2 Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant.

Paragraph 3 Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions.

Paragraph 4 While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth.

Paragraph 5 Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal.

Paragraph 6 Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals - an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation.

題目：

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.

1. Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.

2. Though beneficial with lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.

3. When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.

4. Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.

5. Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.

6. Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.

正確選項是123。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項1對應(yīng)第5和6段;選項2對應(yīng)第4段;選項3對應(yīng)第2段。這是因為，所謂的文章主要信息，其實就是某一段或幾段的主旨信息。因此，如果有的選項不確定，可以回到文中把每段的主旨信息找到，作為判斷的依據(jù)。

除了選出正確選項外，還要擅長排除錯誤選項。常見的錯誤選項是文章提到的細節(jié)信息。那么細節(jié)信息的特征是什么?先看例子。

例題2：APPLIED ARTS AND FINE ARTS

題目：

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.

Answer Choices

○Applied-art objects fulfill functions, such as containing or sheltering, and objects with the same function have similar characteristics because they are constrained by their purpose.

○It is easy to recognize that Shang Dynasty vases are different from Inca vases.

○Fine-art objects are not functional, so they are limited only by the properties of the materials used.

○Renaissance sculptors learned to use iron braces to strengthen the internal structures of bronze statues.

○In the twentieth century, fine artists and applied artists became more similar to one another in their attitudes toward their materials.

○In all periods, fine artists tend to challenge the physical limitations of their materials while applied artists tend to cooperate with the physical properties of their materials.

錯誤選項為245.它們共同的特點是：細節(jié)信息，具體體現(xiàn)在：選項2里的Shang Dynasty vases, 選項4的Renaissance sculptors, 選項5里的in the twentieth century和similar。這些細節(jié)信息的具體特征是：人名、地名、數(shù)字、年代等等。尤其當(dāng)這些信息出現(xiàn)在句子主干處時，要格外當(dāng)心!

托福閱讀真題練習(xí)

托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：雕塑的文本+題目+答案

托福閱讀文本：

The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.

On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later.A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.

The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed.

Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.

托福閱讀題目：

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.

(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.

(D)American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.

2. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tools

(B) prints

(D) designs

3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?

(A) European sculptors

(B) Carpenters