Mirror Self-Recognition托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

2023-07-12 09:58:14 來源：中國教育在線

Mirror Self-Recognition托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Mirror Self-Recognition 托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.FEMALE PROFESSOR: As you know, researchers have long been interested in discovering exactly how intelligent animals are.Today we are going to talk about a particular cognitive ability some animals seem to have—the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror.FEMALE STUDENT: Oh. I've heard about that. Chimpanzees have it...FEMALE PROFESSOR: Right. Chimpanzees and other primates,—chimps, gorillas, orangutans,..and of course, humans. But it's also been found in elephants and bottlenose dolphins, a bit of a surprise. It's very rare. Most animals don't have it. And it's called mirror self-recognition, or MSR.FEMALE STUDENT: Well, how does it work?I-I mean...how do researchers know if elephants or chimps recognize themselves?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Researchers give them a mirror mark test.In the mirror mark test, researchers put a mark on the animal where the animal is unable to see it or smell it or feel it, like on the side of their head, without looking in the mirror.

Now, typically, when animals first see themselves in the mirror, they think they are seeing another animal. Often they will look for this animal behind the mirror. They may even exhibit aggressive behavior.

But some animals, after this period of exploration, exhibit behaviors that show they know they are looking at themselves. For instance, elephants will touch the mark on their heads with their trunks.Now, it's been assumed that primates and some other mammals stood alone at the top of the hierarchy of cognitive evolution. But recently, birds have been found to possess some of the same cognitive abilities!In particular, researchers have discovered these abilities in corvids, birds of the corvidae family.Corvids include ravens, jays, crows and magpies among others. And what kinds of cognitive abilities are we talking about? Well, corvids and some mammals have the ability to plan for the future, to store food for instance, in places where they can find it later. It's been suggested in fact that jays—corvids known for stealing each other's food, may hide their food precisely because they are projecting their own tendency to steal onto other jays.So let's talk about a study recently conducted with magpies.As I said, magpies are corvids. And because corvids have these other cognitive skills, researchers wanted to see if they were also capable of mirror self-recognition. So they gave them the mirror mark test, placing yellow sticker on the birds...black throat feathers.

At first, the magpies all engage in the same social behaviors that other animals do—looking behind the mirror, etc.But eventually, some of the birds, while looking in the mirror, kept scratching at the mark until they got rid of it. And they didn't scratch at it when there was no mirror around. So they passed the test.MALE STUDENT: Wow! Do any other birds have this ability?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, not that we know of. There was a study using pigeons, where researchers attempted to reduce MSR to a matter of conditioning, that is, they claimed that the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror could be learned. So these researchers basically trained some pigeons to pass the mirror mark test.

But two things are noteworthy here. One, no one's ever replicated the study. But more importantly, it misses the point. The issue isn't whether some behavior can be learned. It's whether a species has developed this ability spontaneously.MALE STUDENT: So what does the test tell us about corvids or chimpanzees?FEMALE PROFESSOR: Good question. For one thing, it is important because it sets animals with a sense of self apart from those without a sense of self. But more importantly, many researchers believe that MSR is indicative of other advanced cognitive abilities.

Self-awareness, even in its earliest stages, might entail an awareness of others, the ability to see their perspective, to look at the world from another's point of view. This is crucial, because it implies a high level of cognitive development. It's perhaps the first stage toward the development of empathy.MALE STUDENT: But birds...brains are so small, compared to primates...FEMALE PROFESSOR: True. Though corvids do have unusually large brains for birds. But size isn't the whole story. It's thought that primates are so intelligent because of a certain part of their brains, which birds simply don't have.

But there is an area in birds' brains that researchers believe governs similar cognitive functions.So primates' and birds' brains have evolved along different tracks, but ended up with similar abilities.

二、Mirror Self-Recognition 托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在動物行為課上聽一課。女教授：正如你所知，研究人員一直對發(fā)現(xiàn)動物到底有多聰明很感興趣。今天我們將討論一種特殊的認知能力，一些動物似乎有能力在鏡子中認出自己。女生：哦。我聽說了。黑猩猩有。。。女教授：對。黑猩猩和其他靈長類動物，-黑猩猩，大猩猩，猩猩，。。當然還有人類。但它也在大象和寬吻海豚身上被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這有點令人驚訝。這是非常罕見的。大多數(shù)動物都沒有。這叫做鏡像自我識別，或MSR。女生：嗯，它是怎么工作的？我是說。。。研究人員如何知道大象或黑猩猩是否認識自己？女教授：研究人員給他們做了一個鏡像測試。在鏡像標記測試中，研究人員在動物身上做了一個標記，如果動物不照鏡子，就看不見、聞不到或感覺不到，比如在他們的頭部側(cè)面。

現(xiàn)在，通常情況下，當動物第一次在鏡子中看到自己時，他們會認為自己看到的是另一種動物。他們經(jīng)常會在鏡子后面尋找這種動物。他們甚至可能表現(xiàn)出攻擊性行為。

但一些動物在經(jīng)過這段時間的探索后，表現(xiàn)出的行為表明它們知道自己在看自己。例如，大象會用鼻子觸摸頭上的標記?，F(xiàn)在，人們認為靈長類和其他一些哺乳動物在認知進化的層次結(jié)構(gòu)中獨占鰲頭。但最近，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥類具有一些相同的認知能力！特別是，研究人員在科鳥科鳥類科鳥科鳥科動物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些能力?？凭S鳥包括烏鴉、松鴉、烏鴉和喜鵲等。我們談論的是什么樣的認知能力？好吧，科維德人和一些哺乳動物有能力為未來做計劃，比如在以后可以找到食物的地方儲存食物。事實上，有人認為，以偷盜對方食物而聞名的松鴉可能會隱藏自己的食物，因為它們會將自己的偷盜傾向投射到其他松鴉身上。讓我們來談談最近對喜鵲進行的一項研究。正如我所說，喜鵲是科維德鳥。由于科維德人有這些其他認知技能，研究人員想看看他們是否也有鏡像自我識別的能力。所以他們給他們做了鏡像標記測試，在鳥身上貼上黃色標簽。。。黑喉羽毛。

起初，喜鵲的社交行為與其他動物在鏡子后面看的行為一樣。但最終，一些鳥在鏡子里看的時候，不斷地抓著痕跡，直到把它弄掉。當周圍沒有鏡子時，他們也沒有抓撓它。所以他們通過了測試。男學生：哇！其他鳥類有這種能力嗎？女教授：嗯，據(jù)我們所知不是這樣。有一項使用鴿子的研究，研究人員試圖將MSR歸結(jié)為一種條件作用，也就是說，他們聲稱可以學習在鏡子中識別自己的能力。因此，這些研究人員基本上訓練了一些鴿子通過鏡像標記測試。

但這里有兩件事值得注意。第一，沒有人復制過這項研究。但更重要的是，它沒有抓住要點。問題不在于是否可以學習某些行為。這是一個物種是否自發(fā)地發(fā)展了這種能力。男學生：那么這項測試告訴了我們關(guān)于科維德人或黑猩猩的什么？女教授：好問題。首先，它很重要，因為它將有自我意識的動物與沒有自我意識的動物區(qū)分開來。但更重要的是，許多研究人員認為，MSR表明了其他高級認知能力。

自我意識，即使在最早的階段，也可能意味著對他人的意識，看到自己觀點的能力，從他人的角度看世界的能力。這是至關(guān)重要的，因為它意味著高水平的認知發(fā)展。這也許是移情發(fā)展的第一個階段。男學生：但是鳥。。。與靈長類動物相比，大腦太小了。。。女教授：沒錯。雖然科維德鳥的大腦確實非常大。但規(guī)模并不是全部。人們認為靈長類動物之所以如此聰明，是因為它們大腦的某一部分，而鳥類根本沒有。

但研究人員認為，鳥類大腦中有一個區(qū)域支配著類似的認知功能。所以靈長類動物和鳥類的大腦沿著不同的軌跡進化，但最終具有相似的能力。

三、Mirror Self-Recognition 托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A. To show that some birds have cognitive skills similar to those of primates

B. To explain how the brains of certain primates and birds involved

C. To compare different tests that measure the cognitive abilities of animals

D. To describe a study of the relationship between brain size and cognitive abilities

Q2:2.When giving magpies the mirror mark test, why did researchers place the mark on the magpies' throats?

A. Throat markings trigger aggressive behavior in other magpies.

B. Throat markings are extremely rare in magpies.

C. Magpies cannot see their own throats without looking in a mirror.

D. Magpies cannot easily remove a mark from their throats.

Q3:3.According to the professor,some corvids are known to hide their food. What possible reasons does she provide for this behavior?Click on two answers.

A. They are ensuring that they will have food to eat at a later point in time.

B. They want to keep their food in a single location that they can easily defend.

C. They have been conditioned to exhibit this type of behavior.

D. They may be projecting their own behavioral tendencies onto other corvids.

Q4:4.What is the professor's attitude toward the study on pigeons and mirror self-recognition?

A. She is surprised that the studies have not been replicated.

B. She believes the study's findings are not very meaningful.

C. She expects that further studies will show similar results.

D. She thinks that it confirms what is known about magpies and jays.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about animals that exhibit mirror self-recognition?

A. They acquired this ability through recent evolutionary changes.

B. They are not necessarily more intelligent than other animals.