劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(2)

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(2) 關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題下面小編就來(lái)為各個(gè)考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

“嬰兒腔”對(duì)嬰兒大腦發(fā)育的促進(jìn)

Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Universite du Quebec a Montreal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults - which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant' sounds held babies' attention nearly 40 percent longer. The baby noises also induced more reactions in the listening infants, like smiling or lip moving, which approximates sound making. The team theorizes that this attraction to other infant sounds could help launch the learning process that leads to speech. 'It may be some property of the sound that is just drawing their attention,’ says study co-author Linda Polka. ‘Or maybe they are really interested in that particular type of sound because they are starting to focus on their own ability to make sounds. We are speculating here but it might catch their attention because they recognize it as a sound they could possibly make.1

另外一項(xiàng)研究表明父母?jìng)兛赡芟胱屗麄兊暮⒆觽兘Y(jié)伴,這樣孩子們就可以跟同齡人互相說(shuō)話了。麥吉爾大學(xué)和魁北克大學(xué)蒙特利爾分校的研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)嬰兒們似更喜歡聽(tīng)同齡人說(shuō)話而非聽(tīng)成人說(shuō)話,這或許可以解釋為什么“嬰兒腔”是一種全球父母通曉的語(yǔ)言。研究者們播放了用特殊合成裝置發(fā)出的重復(fù)元音,以模擬由成人女性或嬰兒發(fā)出的聲音。這樣就可以只觀察聲音因素帶來(lái)的影響。該團(tuán)隊(duì)隨后再測(cè)量每種聲音吸引住嬰兒的時(shí)間。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)合成的嬰兒聲能夠吸引嬰兒注意力40秒之長(zhǎng)。嬰兒聲還引發(fā)了嬰兒聽(tīng)者更多的反應(yīng),例如微笑或咧嘴,這也接近于發(fā)聲運(yùn)作。該團(tuán)隊(duì)提出理論認(rèn)為,這種對(duì)其他嬰兒聲音的吸引力有助于引發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)行為最終導(dǎo)致說(shuō)話。研究合作者林達(dá)·波卡說(shuō):“也許是聲音的某種屬性引起了嬰八們的注意;也許是他們確實(shí)對(duì)那類聲音更感興趣,因?yàn)樗麄冮_(kāi)始注意自己的發(fā)聲能力我們?cè)谶@里只是推測(cè),但這之所以引起他們的注意也可能是因?yàn)樗麄円庾R(shí)到他們也能發(fā)出這樣的聲音。

In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups - seven months and eleven and a half months - were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brainactivation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. ‘Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month-olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’ says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

在一份發(fā)表在《美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院公報(bào)》上的研究中,人們向兩個(gè)略有不同的年齡組—7個(gè)月大、11個(gè)半月大—的共57名嬰兒播放幾個(gè)他們母語(yǔ)(英語(yǔ))和9語(yǔ)(西班牙語(yǔ))的音節(jié)。嬰兒們接受了腦活動(dòng)掃描儀對(duì)大腦區(qū)域的監(jiān)測(cè),這一大時(shí)區(qū)域是已知負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)生言語(yǔ)的運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)能。結(jié)果表明聽(tīng)到¨嬰兒腔”能促進(jìn)嬰兒大腦開(kāi)始練習(xí)語(yǔ)言技能合作者帕特卡·庫(kù)爾說(shuō):“嬰兒僅僅通過(guò)聆聽(tīng)聲音就能激活大時(shí)爾運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)能區(qū)域,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)很重要,因?yàn)檫@意味著嬰兒的大腦在一開(kāi)始就:備好要逆過(guò)說(shuō)話來(lái)回應(yīng);這還表明7個(gè)月大的嬰兒的大腦已經(jīng)開(kāi)始努力要想出如何動(dòng)作來(lái)說(shuō)出詞語(yǔ)?！绷硪豁?xiàng)有意思的發(fā)現(xiàn)就是雖然7個(gè)月大的嬰兒對(duì)兩種語(yǔ)言的聲音都有反應(yīng),但另一年齡組的嬰兒們的大腦在聽(tīng)到外語(yǔ)聲音時(shí)比聽(tīng)到母語(yǔ)時(shí)觸發(fā)動(dòng)作機(jī)能更顯著。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了嬰兒是如何識(shí)別母語(yǔ)和外語(yǔ)的差異的。

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