托福閱讀真題Official 54 Passage 2（五）

托福閱讀真題Official 54 Passage 2（五）

Overkill of the North American Megafauna

Thousands of years ago,in North America’s past,all of its megafauna—large mammals such as mammoths and giant bears—disappeared.One proposed explanation for this event is that when the first Americans migrated over from Asia,they hunted the megafauna to extinction.These people,known as the Clovis society after a site where their distinctive spear points were first found,would have been able to use this food source to expand their population and fill the continent rapidly.Yet many scientists argue against this“Pleistocene,the period between about 2.5 million and 11,700 years ago during which humans first appeared on Earth,overkill”hypothesis.Modern humans have certainly been capable of such drastic effects on animals,but could ancient people with little more than stone spears similarly have caused the extinction of numerous species of animals.Thirty-five genera or groups of species(and many individual species)suffered extinction in North America around 11,000 B.C.,soon after the appearance and expansion of Paleo-Indians,a group of hunters active in America during the late Pleistocene,throughout the Americas(27 genera disappeared completely,and another 8 became locally extinct,surviving only outside North America).

Although the climate changed at the end of the Pleistocene,warming trends had happened before.A period of massive extinction of large mammals like that seen about 11,000 years ago had not occurred during the previous 400,000 years,despite these changes.The only apparently significant difference in the Americas 11,000 years ago was the presence of human hunters of these large mammals.Was this coincidence or cause-and-effect?

We do not know.Ecologist Paul S.Martin has championed the model that associates the extinction of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene with human predation.With researcher J.E.Mosimann,he has co-authored a work in which a computer model showed that in around 300 years,given the right conditions,a small influx of hunters into eastern Beringia 12,000 years ago could have spread across North America in a wave and wiped out game animals to feed their burgeoning population.

The researchers ran the model several ways,always beginning with a population of 100 humans in Edmonton,in Alberta,Canada,at 11,500 years ago.Assuming different initial North American big-game-animal populations(75–150 million animals)and different population growth rates for the human settlers(0.65%–3.5%),and varying kill rates,Mosimann and Martin derived figures of between 279 and 1,157 years from initial contact to big-game extinction.

Many scholars continue to support this scenario.For example,geologist Larry Agenbroad has mapped the locations of dated Clovis sites alongside the distribution of dated sites where the remains of wooly mammoths have been found in both archaeological and purely paleontological contexts.These distributions show remarkable synchronicity(occurrence at the same time).

There are,however,many problems with this model.Significantly,though a few sites are quite impressive,there really is very little archaeological evidence to support it.Writing in 1982,Martin himself admitted the paucity of evidence;for example,at that point,the remains of only 38 individual mammoths had been found at Clovis sites.In the years since,few additional mammoths have been added to the list;there are still fewer than 20 Clovis sites where the remains of one or more mammoths have been recovered,a minuscule proportion of the millions that necessarily would have had to have been slaughtered within the overkill scenario.

Though Martin claims the lack of evidence actually supports his model—the evidence is sparse because the spread of humans and the extinction of animals occurred so quickly—this argument seems weak.And how could we ever disprove it.As archaeologist Donald Grayson points out,in other cases where extinction resulted from the quick spread of human hunters—for example,the extinction of the moa,the large flightless bird of New Zealand—archaeological evidence in the form of remains is abundant.Grayson has also shown that the evidence is not so clear that all or even most of the large herbivores in late Pleistocene America became extinct after the appearance of Clovis.Of the 35 extinct genera,only 8 can be confidently assigned an extinction date of between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago.Many of the older genera,Grayson argues,may have succumbed before 12,000 B.C.,at least half a century before the Clovis showed up in the American West.

Question 9 of 14

The word“admitted”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.accepted the truth of

B.was unaware of

C.was troubled by

D.called attention to

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

選項分析：

原句為Martin自己admitted證據的貧乏，推測admitted意為“承認”，與A選項accepted the truth of“接受，承認”意義相近。

B選項was unaware of：未察覺到……；

C選項was troubled by：被……困擾；

D選項called attention to：呼吁注意……。

Question 10 of 14

According to paragraph 6,which of the following statements challenges the view that hunting by humans caused the extinctions of North American megafauna?

A.The Clovis sites that contain the remains of mammoths were settled by humans long after the extinctions occurred.

B.Only a few of the Clovis sites are located near known mammoth habitats.

C.No archaeological evidence of extinctions has been found at Clovis sites since 1982.

D.The number of mammoth remains found at Clovis sites is smaller than would be expected if hunting by humans had caused the extinctions.

正確答案：D

題目詳解題型分類：事實信息題

原文定位：第六段都在講challenges the view。選項中的Clovis sites出自最后兩句。

選項分析：

文章倒數第二句舉例說在Clovis sites只有38具猛犸象遺體。倒數第一句說少于20個Clovis sites有猛犸象遺體被發(fā)現，是一個很小的比例在過度捕殺假設中幾百萬一定被宰殺的猛犸象中。這兩句說明應該有更多的遺體被發(fā)現。D選項smaller than would be expected對應原文最后一句a minuscule proportion of the millions that necessarily would have had to have been slaughtered。hunting by humans had caused the extinctions對應最后一句the overkill scenario。

A選項long after the extinctions occurred無中生有。

B選項near known mammoth habitats無中生有。

C選項No archaeological evidence與原文倒數第一句In the years since,few additional mammoths have been added to the list矛盾。

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