劍橋雅思12Test6Passage2閱讀答案解析 The Lost City

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage2閱讀答案解析 The Lost City 以人物傳記的方式，描述了印加古城的發(fā)現(xiàn)過程。關(guān)于這個問題中國教育在線平臺就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思12Test6Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 The lost city 失落的城市

段落A

When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to descend from this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic canyons and mountain ranges.

當(dāng)美國探險家和學(xué)者Hiram Bingham于1911年到達南美大陸時，他已經(jīng)為即將到來的自己人生中最偉大的成就做好了準備：探索庫斯科西部遙遠的內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，秘魯安第斯山脈印加帝國的古都所在。他的目標是找到被稱為Vitcos的城市遺跡，印加文明最后的首都。庫斯科位于海拔3000多米的高原之上。Bingham計劃沿著烏魯班巴河的河谷一路向下。走環(huán)形路線到達亞馬遜，并穿過一片巨大的峽谷和山脈。

段落B

When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle. Almost all previous travellers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across the mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a substantial corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.

當(dāng)Bingham和他的團隊在7月末沿著烏魯班巴河順流而下時，他們與之前的旅行者相比擁有一項優(yōu)勢：一條沿著峽谷的小道剛剛被開辟出來，以方便文章來自老烤鴨雅思騾馬從森林中運輸橡膠。幾乎所有之前的旅行者都在Ollantaytambo離開河道，在高處穿過山脈，再在低處與河流匯合。這樣雖然少走了不少路，但也因此從來都沒有穿越過馬丘比丘附近的區(qū)域。

段落C

On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began slowly, with Bingham trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the trek. His companions showed no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he made the ascent without having the least expectation that he would find anything at the top.

7月24日，他們在山谷中已經(jīng)走了一些日子。這天天亮的很慢。Bingham正努力為下一階段的路途安排足夠的騾子。他的同伴對陪同他登上附近的山丘，觀察當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民Melchor Arteaga前天晚上告訴他們的一些遺跡毫無興趣。那天早晨陰暗潮濕，Bingham似乎也對攀登小山的前景不那么期待。他在《印加的失落城市》一書中提到，他爬山時根本就沒有期望能在山頂發(fā)現(xiàn)任何東西。

段落D

Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he describes the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, ‘capable of making considerable springs when in pursuit of their prey’; not that he sees any. Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. ‘It seemed like an unbelievable dream … the sight held me spellbound …’ he wrote.

Bingham在書中用生動的語言描述了這一過程。一開始在爬山過程中，他描述到致命毒蛇出現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險。它們在捕捉獵物時能夠高高彈起。雖然他并沒有見到任何一條。隨著他走過巨大的看臺，陵墓，壯觀的臺階，并最終達到馬丘比丘宏偉的儀式建筑，他的發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多。他寫到，“這似乎是一場令人難以置信的夢境，那景象令我著迷”。

段落E

We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his discovery. At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery.

然而，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，《印加的失落城市》是一部事后作品，直到1948年才寫成。那時他的旅行已經(jīng)結(jié)束許多年了。他按照時間寫成的日志揭示了更多其成就逐漸被理解的過程。他在廢墟中花了一下午，記錄一些建筑的尺寸，然后下山與同伴匯合。他似乎并沒有跟他們提及自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這時候，Bingham還沒有意識到這個地方的重要性，他也沒有意識到自己能利用這一發(fā)現(xiàn)做什么。

段落F

However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for himself from this discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what chroniclers described as ‘the last city of the Incas’. This term refers to Vilcabamba, the settlement where the Incas had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s. Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. Sadly, his vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the depths of the jungle.

然而，在返回不久之后，他想到自己可以利用這一發(fā)現(xiàn)出名。當(dāng)他終于在1913年四月在《國家地理》雜志刊登文章將這個故事公布于世時，他意識到自己需要一個更大膽的想法。他猜想，它有沒有可能是印加文明的誕生地-偉大的曼科，或者它有沒有可能是編年史作家所描述的印加最后的城市-Vilcabamba，即16世紀30年代印加人躲避西班牙入侵者的聚居地。Bingham用了將近40年的時間竭盡全力證明這一想法。遺憾的是，他所到之處雖然景象十分壯觀，但無論是作為印加文明的起始之地，還是結(jié)束之處，均與史實不符。我們現(xiàn)在知道，Vilcabamba實際上位于65公里外的叢林深處。

段落G

One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever since Bingham, is why the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish Conquest. There are no references to it by any of the Spanish chroniclers – and if they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly have come in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the cold winters of Cusco, where the elite could enjoy monumental architecture and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular architecture of Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the Incas, the emperor Pachacuti (c. 1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built other similar estates for their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest.

自Bingham以來，一直困擾著游客、歷史學(xué)家和考古學(xué)家的一個問題是，為什么這座城市在被西班牙占領(lǐng)之前就被拋棄。沒有任何西班牙編年史作者提到此處。而如果他們知道它的位置與庫斯科如此之近，他們肯定會來尋找黃金的。過去幾年里被人們普遍接受的一種觀點是，馬丘比丘位于火山之上，一名印加國王在這里建造城市以逃避庫斯科寒冷的冬季。而精英階層則可以享受巨大的建筑并欣賞壯觀的景象。此外，馬丘比丘獨特的建筑表明，它建設(shè)于印加文明最為鼎盛的時期-帕查庫蒂國王在位期間（c.1438-1471年）。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，帕查庫蒂的后代們建造了其他相似的建筑供自己使用。因此，在他死后，馬丘比丘就被遺棄了。差不多50年后，西班牙入侵者才到來。

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