托福tpo58聽(tīng)力lecture1 Homing Behavior in Birds

托福tpo58聽(tīng)力lecture1 Homing Behavior in Birds，那么接下來(lái)就跟著中國(guó)教育在線的小編詳細(xì)了解一下吧。

Homing Behavior in Birds托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、Homing Behavior in Birds托福聽(tīng)力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,those are some of the common theories on bird migration.Now let’s talk about“homing.”Homing is more than just the return flight home from migratory trips—homing can take place at any time and from any location.It’s the ability that some birds have of finding their way back to an exact location regardless of their starting point…or how far away they are…or the time of year…and so on.You’ve all heard of homing pigeons but there are lots of bird species that have highly refined homing skills so maybe there’s some evolutionary advantage.Why would birds be so good at this?Todd?

MALE STUDENT:Well,baby birds stay in the nest while the parents go out and hunt for food.If the parents have to fly all over the place to find the food,they’d need to be able to find the nest again.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: And once you’d found food you’d want to get home quickly,wouldn’t you?To feed your young?So you’d want the most direct path home—you wouldn’t want to retrace whatever winding,meandering path you’d taken while you were searching for food.Being able to fly home directly is very efficient:the offspring get food faster and their parents are home sooner to look out for them.

MALE STUDENT:But,it isn’t just the offspring that benefit—the adult birds get back to a safe place sooner as well.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Right.Now,what about finding your way home after going south for the winter?

FEMALE STUDENT:Well,it’d be nice if you could go back to a place you knew was OK.Ya’know,one that’s got water or food…Not too many predators.Some place where you might even still have a nest.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Good.Now,so far,we’ve been talking about times when birds intentionally—or,at least instinctively—leave home,but are there other reasons why a bird might find itself away from its nest?

FEMALE STUDENT:Birds are vulnerable to really strong winds.Storms could blow them pretty far off course.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:But finding your way back to your nest when you’ve been accidentally displaced is a little different from getting home after your annual migration to a warmer climate.So,do you think all those mechanisms we discussed…that birds use when migrating…apply to homing as well?

FEMALE STUDENT:I think so.I mean we talked about using the Sun and the stars as navigational guides—and that would certainly be helpful for homing.And so would that ability to sense Earth’s magnetic poles—the one in the studies you described about the,uh,internal magnetic compass birds have.Yeah,it should be the same.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK,so celestial bodies make good navigational aids.Anything else?

MALE STUDENT:Well,for short distances,you could just memorize the area.Use landmarks.Like,when my friend tells me to turn left after I see the post office to get to his house.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: So,when birds are out searching for food,they can memorize landmarks.Mountains,rivers…who knows,maybe even the post office.Studies of gannets have shown that this is one way they navigate.Gannets are seabirds so when they wind up in an unfamiliar location over land,they fly in outward spirals until they reach the coast.Then they use the coastline to find their way home.

Of course,when we say that birds“memorize”their terrain—that may not be accurate.It’s not always a good idea to use human analogies when trying to understand animal behavior—particularly when it comes to navigation which we,as a species,are spectacularly bad at.I mean,even with maps,how often do we get lost?But,with birds,they’re actually overengineered to be good at navigation.Just think about all those tools we’ve discussed—celestial bodies,magnetic fields,landmarks—they’ve got a lot of sensory cues at their disposal.But how do they use them?For example:do birds use one navigational cue at a time…Like being guided by stars when the sky is clear and using magnetic fields when it’s cloudy?Or,do they use all these tools simultaneously—calibrating their location from multiple cues at the same time?Does the answer depend on the particular species?This is a really rich subject for research…In fact,let’s talk about how you might go about designing some experiments to answer these questions.Keeping in mind,as I said,that your personal experiences won’t be of much use as you try to come up with hypotheses to test.

二、Homing Behavior in Birds托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

旁白：在生物課上聽(tīng)講座的一部分。

女教授：這些是關(guān)于鳥(niǎo)類遷徙的一些常見(jiàn)理論。現(xiàn)在讓我們來(lái)談?wù)劇皻w巢”。歸巢不僅僅是遷徙歸來(lái)的返程航班，歸巢可以在任何時(shí)間、任何地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。這是一些鳥(niǎo)類能夠找到返回準(zhǔn)確位置的路，而不管它們的起點(diǎn)……或者它們離得有多遠(yuǎn)……或者一年中的什么時(shí)候……等等。你們都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)信鴿，但有許多鳥(niǎo)類具有高度精湛的歸巢技能，所以可能有一些進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì)。為什么鳥(niǎo)兒會(huì)這么擅長(zhǎng)這個(gè)？托德？

男學(xué)生：嗯，小鳥(niǎo)留在巢里，而父母出去覓食。如果父母必須飛遍各地尋找食物，他們需要能夠再次找到巢。

女教授：；一旦你找到了食物，你會(huì)很快回家，不是嗎？喂你的孩子？所以，你會(huì)想要最直接的回家之路，你不會(huì)想再回到你在尋找食物時(shí)走過(guò)的彎彎曲曲的小路。能夠直接飛回家是非常有效的：后代得到食物的速度更快，父母也更快回家照顧他們。

男學(xué)生：但是，不僅僅是后代有利于成年鳥(niǎo)類更快地回到安全的地方。

女教授：；正當(dāng)現(xiàn)在，去南方過(guò)冬后，你該怎么找回家的路呢？

女學(xué)生：好吧，如果你能回到一個(gè)你知道沒(méi)問(wèn)題的地方就好了。你知道，一個(gè)有水或食物的地方……沒(méi)有太多的捕食者。在某個(gè)地方，你甚至可能還有一個(gè)巢穴。

女教授：；好的現(xiàn)在，到目前為止，我們一直在談?wù)擑B(niǎo)類有意或至少本能地離開(kāi)家的時(shí)候，但鳥(niǎo)類可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)離巢穴的其他原因嗎？

女學(xué)生：鳥(niǎo)類很容易受到強(qiáng)風(fēng)的襲擊。風(fēng)暴會(huì)把他們吹離航道很遠(yuǎn)。

女教授：但是，當(dāng)你意外流離失所時(shí)，找到回家的路與每年遷移到溫暖氣候后回家有點(diǎn)不同。那么，你認(rèn)為我們討論的所有機(jī)制…鳥(niǎo)類遷徙時(shí)使用的機(jī)制…也適用于歸巢嗎？

女學(xué)生：我想是的。我的意思是，我們討論過(guò)使用太陽(yáng)和恒星作為導(dǎo)航指南，這肯定有助于歸航。在你所描述的關(guān)于鳥(niǎo)類內(nèi)部磁羅盤(pán)的研究中，感知地球磁極的能力也是如此。是的，應(yīng)該是一樣的。

女教授：；好的，所以天體是很好的導(dǎo)航設(shè)備。還有別的嗎？

男學(xué)生：好吧，對(duì)于短距離，你可以只記住這個(gè)區(qū)域。使用地標(biāo)。比如，當(dāng)我的朋友告訴我去郵局到他家后向左轉(zhuǎn)。

女教授：；因此，當(dāng)鳥(niǎo)類外出覓食時(shí)，它們可以記住路標(biāo)。山，河……誰(shuí)知道呢，也許甚至是郵局。對(duì)塘鵝的研究表明，這是它們航行的一種方式。塘鵝是海鳥(niǎo)，所以當(dāng)它們飛到陸地上一個(gè)陌生的地方時(shí)，它們會(huì)向外螺旋飛行，直到到達(dá)海岸。然后他們利用海岸線找到回家的路。

當(dāng)然，當(dāng)我們說(shuō)鳥(niǎo)類“記住”它們的地形時(shí)，這可能并不準(zhǔn)確。在試圖理解動(dòng)物行為時(shí)使用人類類比并不總是一個(gè)好主意，尤其是當(dāng)涉及到我們作為一個(gè)物種非常不擅長(zhǎng)的導(dǎo)航時(shí)。我的意思是，即使有了地圖，我們多久會(huì)迷路？但是，對(duì)于鳥(niǎo)類來(lái)說(shuō)，它們實(shí)際上被過(guò)度設(shè)計(jì)成善于導(dǎo)航。想想我們討論過(guò)的天體、磁場(chǎng)、地標(biāo)等工具吧，它們有很多感官線索可供選擇。但他們?nèi)绾问褂盟鼈兡?？例如：鳥(niǎo)類一次只使用一個(gè)導(dǎo)航提示嗎？比如天空晴朗時(shí)由星星引導(dǎo)，多云時(shí)使用磁場(chǎng)？或者，他們是否同時(shí)使用所有這些工具從多個(gè)提示中校準(zhǔn)他們的位置？答案取決于特定的物種嗎？這是一個(gè)非常豐富的研究課題……事實(shí)上，讓我們談?wù)勅绾卧O(shè)計(jì)一些實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)回答這些問(wèn)題。請(qǐng)記住，正如我所說(shuō)，當(dāng)你試圖提出假設(shè)進(jìn)行測(cè)試時(shí)，你的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷不會(huì)有多大用處。

三、Homing Behavior in Birds托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1What does the professor mainly discuss in the lecture?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Some ways birds benefit by having homing abilities

B.Several ways that birds improve their homing abilities

C.Some navigational tools that birds use in migration and homing

D.Several research studies that measure migration and homing abilities in birds

Q2:.According to the professor,what are three ways in which homing behavior is different from migration behavior in birds?[Click on 3 answers.]

A.Homing is not a seasonal activity.

B.Homing does not always involve long distances.

C.Homing behavior is learned rather than instinctive.

D.Homing abilities allow birds to deal with unexpected situations.

E.Homing requires the use of different navigational tools than does migration.

Q3:According to the professor,birds often take a different route when they leave the nest to hunt for food than they do when they return to the nest.What is one reason for this behavior?

A.Birds use the return flight to teach their young homing skills.

B.Birds want to complete the return trip as quickly as possible.

C.By taking different routes,birds have access to more food sources.

D.By taking different routes,birds avoid predators that may try to follow them.

Q4:Why does the professor mention a study with gannets?

A.To identify a bird species that does not migrate long distances

B.To explain that some birds fly in spiral patterns until they locate food sources

C.To illustrate differences in behavior between coastal and mountain bird species

D.To demonstrate that some birds use distinctive features of the landscape as a navigation tool

Q5:What does the professor imply about the design of research experiments that the students might conduct on bird navigation?

A.Well-designed research studies help to explain human as well as bird navigational abilities.

B.Past research studies were mistakenly designed to study only one navigational skill at a time.

C.Students need to be careful to avoid designing experiments that are based on faulty assumptions.

D.Students should try to design experiments that challenge traditional theories about birds’navigational abilities.

Q6:Why does the student say this?

A.To establish a connection between two scientific studies

B.To point out that the professor mentioned these details in a previous class

C.To indicate she is confident that her initial response was correct

D.To show that she agrees with the professor’s interpretation of a theory

四、Homing Behavior in Birds托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：AC

A2:正確答案：ABD

A3:正確答案：B

A4:正確答案：D

A5:正確答案：C

A6:正確答案：C

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