Early Pottery托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Early Pottery托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Early Pottery托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:OK,today we're going to be moving on and we're going to be talking about early pottery.But rather than me just giving you a broad overview of how pots—or ceramic vessels—were developed and used in different regions of the world,we're going to consider a specific example—a case study.And we’re going to focus on ceramic cooking vessels from just one part of the world.

So the question I want to look at today concerns the use of ceramic cooking vessels—clay pots—in the Arctic during ancient times.Why were they developed and used there?

So,to begin with,we don't know for sure when human beings first started creating pottery,but we have evidence of it from over 15,000 years ago.And in the Arctic,ceramic cooking pots didn't appear there until some 2,500 years ago.

Now,it's not surprising that they appeared relatively late there.In fact,what's been something of a mystery is why they were used at all—in the Arctic,I mean.Ken?

MALE STUDENT:Why wouldn’t they use pottery?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Good question.What would some of the drawbacks of ceramic containers be—for ancient people groups in the Arctic?Ancient Arctic societies were nomadic,right?

MALE STUDENT:I get it.Clay pots are fragile.So if people were moving around all the time,well,the pots would probably keep breaking.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Precisely.Ceramic cooking vessels can't be transported easily.That’s one thing.And think of how ceramics are produced.You need water and clay,of course…you need to make the pot,allow it to dry for a long time—warm,dry locations work best for this,of course—and then you need to fire it…uh,bake it.So you can see the role that climate would play in whether or not ancient people created and used ceramic cooking pots—and that’s why manufacturing pottery would have been a challenge,actually quite difficult for people in the Arctic.

MALE STUDENT:But you're saying they did make ceramic cooking pots.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes.So the question is,given all these clear disadvantages,why would Arctic people choose to make and use ceramic cooking vessels.Sue?

FEMALE STUDENT:I read somewhere that,by cooking food in clay pots,people increased the,uh…well,they made food easier to digest.Something about making the nutritional components of foods more accessible.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:That's definitely true as far as many nutrients are concerned.But some nutrients,like vitamin C,are destroyed by cooking.But the ancient Arctic people ate a diet that consisted almost entirely of raw or only minimally cooked meat and fish or shellfish.

FEMALE STUDENT:I saw something on television once…a documentary that talked about how healthy the diet was—how it provided all the nutrients they needed.I guess that would include vitamin C as well.But then what I don’t understand is,why would they have cooked their food at all?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Ah,here's where we need to look beyond obvious factors and consider things like culinary preferences.Although the diet of ancient Arctic people mainly consisted of raw and minimally cooked food,it was carefully prepared.It was based on an interplay of contrasts—uh,different temperatures…or hard and soft textures.Sometimes meat was only partially defrosted.

For example,one way of preparing meat was to boil it briefly,leaving the center frozen.So cooked food…or partially cooked food,for ancient Arctic people,was a matter of social preference.

So again,the question is why did they use ceramic pots to cook their food.That's not the only way to cook food,and we've already looked at some disadvantages of ceramic pots. 

So why use them?

Well,first of all,wood for cooking fires was in short supply.And because of the extreme climate,food had to be prepared inside,indoors,most of the year.Therefore,fires had to be small and cooking methods had to be efficient.So in regions of the Arctic where wood was scarce,and where the houses could not withstand large fires and did not have good ventilation,we do find advantages associated with ceramic pots.

二、Early Pottery托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在人類學(xué)課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

女教授：好的，今天我們將繼續(xù)，我們將討論早期陶器。但與其讓我簡(jiǎn)單地概括介紹世界不同地區(qū)陶器或陶瓷器皿的發(fā)展和使用情況，不如考慮一個(gè)具體的例子——案例研究。我們將重點(diǎn)關(guān)注來自世界一個(gè)地區(qū)的陶瓷烹飪?nèi)萜鳌?/p>

因此，我今天要討論的問題是古代北極地區(qū)使用陶瓷烹飪?nèi)萜骱驼惩凉薜膯栴}。為什么在那里開發(fā)和使用它們？

所以，首先，我們不確定人類何時(shí)開始制作陶器，但我們有15000多年前的證據(jù)。在北極，陶瓷炊具直到2500年前才出現(xiàn)在那里。

現(xiàn)在，它們?cè)谀抢锍霈F(xiàn)的相對(duì)較晚也就不足為奇了。事實(shí)上，我的意思是，為什么它們?cè)诒睒O被使用，這是一個(gè)謎。知識(shí)范圍

男學(xué)生：為什么他們不使用陶器？

女教授：好問題。對(duì)于北極的古人群體來說，陶瓷容器有哪些缺點(diǎn)？古代北極社會(huì)是游牧社會(huì)，對(duì)嗎？

男學(xué)生：我明白了。陶罐易碎。因此，如果人們一直在四處走動(dòng)，那么，罐子可能會(huì)不斷破裂。

女教授：沒錯(cuò)。陶瓷烹飪?nèi)萜鞑灰走\(yùn)輸。這是一回事。想想陶瓷是如何生產(chǎn)的。當(dāng)然，你需要水和粘土……你需要制作罐子，讓它長(zhǎng)時(shí)間干燥。溫暖、干燥的地方最適合這個(gè)，當(dāng)然，然后你需要把它燒掉……呃，烘烤它。因此，你可以看到氣候在古人類是否創(chuàng)造和使用陶瓷炊具方面所起的作用，這就是為什么制造陶器對(duì)北極地區(qū)的人們來說是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，實(shí)際上是相當(dāng)困難的。

男學(xué)生：但你是說他們確實(shí)做過陶瓷炊具。

女教授：是的。所以問題是，考慮到所有這些明顯的缺點(diǎn)，為什么北極人會(huì)選擇制造和使用陶瓷烹飪?nèi)萜??？馗?/p>

女學(xué)生：我在哪里讀到，人們用陶罐烹飪食物，增加了，呃……嗯，他們讓食物更容易消化。讓食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分更容易獲得。

女教授：就許多營(yíng)養(yǎng)素而言，這是絕對(duì)正確的。但一些營(yíng)養(yǎng)素，如維生素C，會(huì)被烹飪破壞。但是，古代北極人的飲食幾乎完全由生的或只有最低限度烹調(diào)的肉、魚或貝類組成。

女生：我曾經(jīng)在電視上看到過……一部紀(jì)錄片，講述了飲食是多么健康，它提供了他們所需要的所有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。我想這也包括維生素C。但我不明白的是，他們?yōu)槭裁匆鲲埬兀?/p>

女教授：啊，這里我們需要超越明顯的因素，考慮像烹飪偏好這樣的事情。雖然古代北極人的飲食主要是生的和烹調(diào)最少的食物，但都是精心準(zhǔn)備的。這是基于對(duì)比度的相互作用，呃，不同的溫度……或硬和軟的紋理。有時(shí)肉只是部分解凍。

例如，制備肉類的一種方法是將其短暫煮沸，使中心冷凍。所以，對(duì)于古代北極人來說，熟食……或者部分熟食，是一個(gè)社會(huì)偏好的問題。

所以，問題又來了，他們?yōu)槭裁匆锰沾慑亖砼腼兪澄?。這不是烹飪食物的唯一方法，我們已經(jīng)看到了陶瓷鍋的一些缺點(diǎn)&nbsp；

那么為什么要使用它們呢？

嗯，首先，用來燒火的木材供不應(yīng)求。由于極端的氣候，一年中的大部分時(shí)間都必須在室內(nèi)準(zhǔn)備食物。因此，火必須小，烹飪方法必須有效。因此，在北極地區(qū)，木材匱乏，房屋無法抵御大火，通風(fēng)不良，我們確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了陶瓷壺的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

三、Early Pottery托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To explore possible solutions to an anthropological mystery

B.To analyze the results of a nutritional experiment

C.To explain why human beings first started creating ceramics

D.To examine changes in the dietary preferences of an ancient culture

Q2:2.According to the professor,why would the ceramic vessels used by ancient Arctic people be likely to break?

A.Ancient Arctic people used cooking techniques unsuitable for ceramic pots.

B.Ancient Arctic people were frequently moving from place to place.

C.The vessels were not made with high-quality clay.

D.The vessels were often exposed to extreme temperatures.

Q3:3.Why does the professor mention that the Arctic climate is cold and wet?

A.To explain why ancient Arctic people found warm food appealing

B.To explain why ancient Arctic people required a diet that was rich in meat

C.To explain the difficulties of manufacturing pottery in such a climate

D.To explain why some foods could not be stored in clay pots

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about ancient Arctic people's food preferences?

A.They liked raw foods better than minimaIly cooked foods

B.They enjoyed eating foods that had been prepared in contrasting ways.

C.Their preferences changed dramatically over time.

D.They liked foods cooked in ceramic vessels better than foods cooked in other types of containers.

Q5:5.According to the professor,why did ancient Arctic people cook using small fires?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Their pottery could not withstand intense heat.

B.Small fires made it easier to control cooking speed.

C.Cooking had to be done indoors.

D.Fuel was difficult to obtain.

Q6:6.Why does the student say this:(MALE STUDENT)But you're saying they did make ceramic cooking pots.

A.He wants to make sure the professor is referring to the past and not the present.

B.He does not understand why making ceramics in the Arctic is considered challenging.

C.He thinks the fact that ancient Arctic people made ceramics requires some explanation.

D.He does not believe the ancient Arctic people actually made ceramics.

四、Early Pottery托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：A

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：C

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：CD

A6:正確答案：C

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