劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage3真題翻譯(2)

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage3真題翻譯(2) 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation?哈拉帕文明究竟發(fā)生了什么?

New research sheds light on the disappearance of an ancient society新研究揭示了一個古代社會的消失

A research team led by Petrie, together with Dr Ravindanath Singh of Banaras Hindu University in India, found early in their investigations that many of the archaeological sites were not where they were supposed to be, completely altering understanding of the way that this region was inhabited in the past. When they carried out a survey of how the larger area was settled in relation to sources of water, they found inaccuracies in the published geographic locations of ancient settlements ranging from several hundred metres to many kilometres. They realisedthat any attempts to use the existing data were likely to be fundamentally flawed. Over the course of several seasons of fieldwork they carried out new surveys, finding an astonishing 198 settlement sites that were previously unknown.

皮特里帶領(lǐng)的-個研究團(tuán)隊(duì)與印度巴納拉扌斯印度大學(xué)的拉文達(dá)納·辛格博士一起,在他們早期的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),許多考古遺址并非在它們的真正位置,這完全改變了人們對此地作為遺址的看法。他們調(diào)查周邊地區(qū)過去如何臨水而居時,發(fā)現(xiàn)那些已經(jīng)公布的古代定居點(diǎn)的地理位置存在不準(zhǔn)確之處,與實(shí)際距離相差幾百米至幾千米他們意識到直接使用現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù)很可能導(dǎo)致根本性的錯誤,經(jīng)過幾個季節(jié)的野外實(shí)地考察,他們開展了一項(xiàng)新的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了多達(dá)198個不為人知的聚居點(diǎn)。

Now, research published by Dr Yama Dixit and Professor David Hodell, both from Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences, has provided the first definitive evidence for climate change affecting the plains of north-western India, where hundreds of Harappan sites are known to have been situated. The researchers gathered shells of Melanoides tuberculata snails from the sediments of an ancient lake and used geochemical analysis as a means of tracing the climate history of the region. ‘As today, the major source of water into the lake is likely to have been the summer monsoon，’ says Dixit. ‘But we have observed that there was an abrupt change about 4,100 years ago, when the amount of evaporation from the lake exceeded the rainfall 一 indicative of a drought.’ Hodell adds: 'We estimate that the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon climate lasted about 200 years before recovering to the previous conditions, which we still see today. ，

目前,來自劍橋大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)部的亞瑪·迪克西特博士和大衛(wèi)·霍德爾教授聯(lián)合發(fā)表的研究報(bào)告用確鑿的證據(jù)表明,氣候變化影響了印度西北部平原地區(qū),那里正是數(shù)百個哈拉帕定居點(diǎn)的所在地。研究人員從一個古老的湖泊沉積物中采集了瘤擬黑螺蝸牛殼,用地球化學(xué)分析法追蹤該地區(qū)氣候的演變過程?！叭缃?流入湖泊的水源主要來自夏季的降雨?！钡峡宋魈卣f道,“但是我們注意到大約在4100年前,情況發(fā)生了急劇的變化,當(dāng)時湖泊的蒸發(fā)量超過降雨量——這預(yù)示著干旱”霍徳爾教授補(bǔ)充說:“我們估計(jì)印度夏季的降雨氣候出現(xiàn)了200多年的持續(xù)減弱之后才恢復(fù)到以前的狀況,我們今天仍然能看到。

It has long been thought that other great Bronze Age civilisations also declined at a similar time, with a global-scale climate event being seen as the cause. While it is possible that these local-scale processes were linked, the real archaeological interest lies in understanding the impact of these larger-scale events on different environments and different populations. ‘Considering the vast area of the Harappan Civilisation with its variable weather systems，’ explains Singh, ‘it is essential that we obtain more climate data from areas close to the two great cities at Mohenjodaro and Harappa and also from the Indian Punjab?’

長期以來,人們一直認(rèn)。為其他青銅器時代的文明也在相似的時期衰落,全球氣候變化被視為主要原因。盡管很可能這些局部的變化有所關(guān)聯(lián),但是考古學(xué)家真正的興趣在于研究大范圍環(huán)境變化對不同環(huán)境和人口的影響。辛格解釋說:鑒于哈拉帕文明區(qū)域廣闊,氣候多變,我們必須從摩享約達(dá)羅和哈拉帕這兩大城市附近的地區(qū)以及印度旁遮普獲得更多的氣候數(shù)據(jù)。

Petrie and Singh's team is now examining archaeological records and trying to understand details of how people led their lives in the region five millennia ago. They are analysing grains cultivated at the time, and trying to work out whether they were grown under extreme conditions of water stress, and whether they were adjusting the combinations of crops they were growing for different weather systems. They are also looking at whether the types of pottery used, and other aspects of their material culture, were distinctive to specific regions or were more similar across larger areas. This gives us insight into the types of interactive networks that the population was involved in, and whether those changed.

皮特里和辛格的研究小組正在研究考古記錄,并試圖了解5000年前人們在該地區(qū)的生活狀況,他們正在分析當(dāng)時栽培的谷物,試圖確定這些谷物是否是在極端惡劣的缺水條件下長出來的,以及人們是否會調(diào)整不同的作物搭配,以適應(yīng)不同的天氣條件。他們也在研究人們所使用的陶器以及其他物質(zhì)文明是各地互不相同還是周遭大致相似。這幫助我們一窺當(dāng)時人們之間互動的方式,以又這些方式是否有變化。

Petrie believes that archaeologists are in a unique position to investigate how past societies responded to environmental and climatic change. ‘By investigating responses to environmental pressures and threats, we can learn from the past to engage with the public, and the relevant governmental and administrative bodies, to be more proactive in issues such as the management and administration of water supply, the balance of urban and rural development, and the importance of preserving cultural heritage in the future.’

皮特里認(rèn)為考古學(xué)家擁有-一個特殊的角度來研究古代社會如何應(yīng)寸環(huán)境和氣候變化,他說:“通過研究過去如何應(yīng)對環(huán)境壓力和挑戰(zhàn),我們可以從中借鑒、來與公眾以及相關(guān)的政府和行政機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行溝通,在供水管理和實(shí)踐、城鄉(xiāng)平衡發(fā)是以及未來保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)的重要性等問題上未雨綢繆。

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