托福tpo50聽力lecture2 The Classification of Creatures

托福tpo50聽力lecture2 The Classification of Creatures，那么接下來就跟著中國教育在線的小編詳細了解一下吧。

The Classification of Creatures托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、The Classification of Creatures托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:Ok.There are two major types of classifiers in the world:people we call“l(fā)umpers”and people we call“splitters.”A lumper is someone who tries to put as many things as possible in one category.Splitters like to look for the differences and put things in as many different categories as possible.

Both lumpers and splitters work in the business of defining biological classifications.The Greek philosopher Aristotle is generally considered the first person to systematically categorize things.He divided all living things into two groups—they were either animal or vegetable.And these categories are what biologists came to call kingdoms.So if it ran around it was an animal...a member of the animal kingdom,and if it stood still and grew in the soil it was a plant...a member of the plant kingdom.This system–organizing all life into these two kingdoms–worked very well for quite a while,even into the age of the microscope.With the invention of the microscope in the late 1500s,we discovered the first microorganisms;we saw that some wiggled and moved around and others were green and just sat there.So the ones that moved like animals were classified as animals,and the more plant-like ones as plants. Oh,before I go on,I must mention Carolus Linnaeus…kah-ROE-lus Li-NAY-us.A hundred years or so after the invention of the microscope,Carolus Linnaeus devised a simple and practical system for classifying living things,according to the ranks of categorization still in use today—class,order,family,and so on.

And by far the best aspect of Linnaeus’system is the general use of binomial nomenclature—having just two names to describe any living organism.This replaced the use of long descriptive names,as well as common names which vary from place to place and language to language.Binomial nomenclature gives every species a unique and stable two-word name,agreed upon by biologists worldwide.But not everything about this system remained unchanged.Take,for example,the mushroom...a fungus.It grew up from the ground and looked like a plant.So it was classified as a plant.But using the microscope,we discovered that a fungus contains these microscopic thread-like cells that run all over the place.and so it’s actually not that plant-like.So in this case,the splitters eventually won,and got a third kingdom just for the fungus.And as microscopes improved,we discovered some micro-organisms that were incredibly small.I’m talking about bacteria.And we could see that they didn’t have what we’d call a nucleus,so they got their own kingdom—a kingdom of very tiny things without nuclei.So then we had separate kingdoms for plants,and for animals.And the different kinds of fungus,like mushrooms.And for these tiny bacteria.But we also had some other micro-organisms that didn’t fit anywhere.So biologists gave them their own kingdom,and this fifth kingdom was sort of an anything-that-doesn’t-fit-in-the-first-four kingdom,which upset some people.And then there was the question of viruses.Viruses have some characteristics of life,but don't reproduce on their own or use energy.So we still don’t know what to do with them.The lumpers want to keep viruses in the current system.Some of the splitters say to give them a separate kingdom;and the extreme splitters say that viruses have nothing at all to do with living things and“keep them out of my department.”Recent research,though,has moved us in yet another direction.Nowadays when we want to determine the characteristics of something,we look at its biochemistry and its genetic material.And what we've discovered is that some bacteria are not like the others.Many of these are called“extremophiles”EXTREME uh files.They live in very strange places—in polar ice,or in the boiling water of hot springs;or in water so salty other organisms couldn't live there.Extremophiles tend to have a different chemistry from other bacteria,a chemistry that,in some cases,is actually more related to plants and animals than to previously known bacteria.So,what to do with these strange bacteria?

Well,one thing we've done is create a new set of categories—the domains—overarching the different kingdoms.Biologists now recognize three domains.But even as we talk about these new domains,well…come back in a few years and it might all be different.

二、The Classification of Creatures托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在生物課上聽講座的一部分。女教授：好的。世界上有兩種主要類型的分類器：我們稱之為“集總器”的人和我們稱其為“拆分器”的人們。集總器是指試圖將盡可能多的事物放在一個類別中的人。分裂者喜歡尋找差異，并將事物盡可能多地分為不同的類別。

集總器和拆分器都在定義生物分類方面發(fā)揮作用。希臘哲學家亞里士多德通常被認為是第一個對事物進行系統(tǒng)分類的人。他把所有的生物分為兩組，一組是動物，另一組是蔬菜。生物學家把這些類別稱為王國。因此，如果它在周圍奔跑，它是一種動物……動物王國的成員，如果它靜止不動，在土壤中生長，它是植物……植物王國的成員。這一系統(tǒng)——將所有生命組織成這兩個王國——在相當長的一段時間內(nèi)運行得很好，甚至到了顯微鏡時代。隨著16世紀末顯微鏡的發(fā)明，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了第一批微生物；我們看到一些人扭動著四處走動，其他人則是綠色的，只是坐在那里。因此，那些像動物一樣移動的動物被歸類為動物，而更像植物的則被歸類為植物&nbsp；哦，在我繼續(xù)之前，我必須提到卡洛斯·林奈……卡·羅·盧斯·李·奈。顯微鏡發(fā)明大約一百年后，卡洛斯·林奈（Carolus Linnaeus）設計了一個簡單實用的系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)至今仍在使用的分類等級——階級、秩序、家庭等等，對生物進行分類。

到目前為止，林奈系統(tǒng)最好的方面是一般使用二項式命名法——只有兩個名字來描述任何生物。這取代了長描述性名稱的使用，以及因地點和語言而異的通用名稱。二項式命名法為每個物種提供了一個獨特而穩(wěn)定的兩個單詞的名稱，得到了世界各地生物學家的認可。但并非所有關(guān)于這個系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容都保持不變。例如，蘑菇……一種真菌。它從地上長出來，看起來像一棵植物。所以它被歸類為植物。但使用顯微鏡，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌中含有這些微小的線狀細胞，它們遍布整個地方。所以它實際上不是那種植物。因此，在這種情況下，分裂者最終獲勝，并為真菌獲得了第三個王國。隨著顯微鏡的改進，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些非常小的微生物。我說的是細菌。我們可以看到它們沒有我們所說的原子核，所以它們有自己的王國——一個沒有原子核的非常微小的東西的王國。因此，我們有不同的植物王國和動物王國。還有不同種類的真菌，比如蘑菇。對于這些微小的細菌。但我們也有一些其他的微生物，不適合任何地方。所以生物學家給了他們自己的王國，而這第五個王國是一個不屬于第一個王國的任何東西，這讓一些人感到不安。然后是病毒的問題。病毒具有生命的某些特征，但不能自行繁殖或利用能量。所以我們?nèi)匀徊恢涝撛趺刺幚硭鼈?。流氓們想在當前系統(tǒng)中保留病毒。一些分裂者說要給他們一個獨立的王國；而極端分裂分子則表示，病毒與生物毫無關(guān)系，“讓它們遠離我的部門”。然而，最近的研究又將我們推向了另一個方向。如今，當我們想確定某事物的特征時，我們會看它的生物化學和遺傳物質(zhì)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有些細菌與其他細菌不同。其中許多被稱為“極端微生物”EXTREME uh文件。它們生活在非常奇怪的地方——極地冰層中，或溫泉的沸水中；或者在如此咸的水中，其他生物無法在那里生存。嗜極細胞往往具有與其他細菌不同的化學性質(zhì)，在某些情況下，這種化學性質(zhì)實際上與動植物比以前已知的細菌更為相關(guān)。那么，如何處理這些奇怪的細菌呢？

嗯，我們做的一件事是創(chuàng)建一組新的類別，即覆蓋不同王國的領(lǐng)域。生物學家現(xiàn)在認識三個領(lǐng)域。但即使在我們談論這些新領(lǐng)域的時候，好吧……幾年后回來，一切都可能不同。

三、The Classification of Creatures托福聽力問題：

1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.The importance of classifying living organisms

B.The history of biological classification

C.The impact of the microscope on biological classification

D.The naming of newly discovered organisms

2.Why does the professor describe“l(fā)umpers”and“splitters”?

A.To emphasize one difference between early and modern biologists

B.To point out that early biological classifications were not based on scientific principles

C.To give examples of categories in early biological classification systems

D.To identify approaches that have shaped the development of biological classification systems

3.What can be inferred about biologists before the time of Carolus Linnaeus?

A.They did not agree on the names of many living things.

B.Very few of them used microscopes.

C.They were puzzled by the discovery of microorganisms that lacked a nucleus.

D.They had to be fluent in several languages in order to publish their research.

4.What does the professor mention as two characteristics of extremophiles?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They live in harsh environments.

B.They are much larger than most other types of bacteria.

C.In their structure,they may resemble viruses.

D.In their biochemistry,they may be similar to plants and animals.

5.What is the professor's attitude toward the current system of biological classification?

A.She is surprised that biologists have not changed the system for so many years.

B.She is upset that so many unnecessary distinctions have been added.

C.She is not confident that the system has been finalized.

D.She is eager for biologists to adopt a completely new system.

6.What does the professor imply when she says this:(Professor)With the invention of the microscope in the late 1500s,we discovered the first microorganisms;we saw that some wiggled and moved around and others were green and just sat there.So the ones that moved like animals were classified as animals,and the more plant-like ones as plants.

A.The microscope was developed specifically for the purpose of studying and classifying microorganisms.

B.The invention of the microscope enabled scientists to confirm predictions about the characteristics of microorganisms.

C.Organisms discovered with early microscopes were classified according to categories that Aristotle established.

D.Microscopes helped scientists clarify distinctions between the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

四、The Classification of Creatures托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：D

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：AD

A5:正確答案：C

A6:正確答案：C

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