Octopus托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

Octopus托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Octopus托福聽力原文：

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

Female Professor:Okay,now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms,and that’s the octopus...one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.The octopus is prey to many species,including humans,so how does it escape its predators?

Well,let me back up here a second…anyone ever hear of um Proteus?Proteus was a god in Greek mythology who could change form.He could make himself look like a lion,or a stone,or a tree,anything he wanted,and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.

Well,the octopus is the real-world version of Proteus;just like Proteus,the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations...And it does this in three ways:By changing color,by changing its texture,and by changing its size and shape.Its“normal”skin color--the one it generally presents--is,uh,either red or brown,or even gray,and it's speckled with dark spots.But when it wants to blend in with its environment,to hide from its enemies,it can take on the color of its immediate surroundings--the ocean floor,a rock,a piece of coral,whatever.Charles?

Male Student:Do we know how that works,I mean,how they change colors?Female Professor:Well,we know that the reaction that takes place is not chemical in nature.The color changes are executed by two different kinds of cells in the octopus's skin,mainly by color cells on the skin’s surface,called chromatophores.

Chromatophores consist of tiny sacs filled with colored dye.There might be a couple hundred of these color sacs per square millimeter of the octopus's skin,and,depending on the species,they can come in as many as five different colors.Each one of these sacs is controlled by muscles.If the muscles are relaxed,the sac shrinks,and all you see is a little white point.But if the muscles contract,then the sac expands,and you can see the colors.And by expanding different combinations of these color sacs to different degrees,the octopus can create all sorts of colors.Ah yes,Elizabeth?Female Student:And just with various combinations of those five colors,they can recreate any color in their environment?Female Professor:Well they can no doubt create a lot with just those five colors,but you're right,maybe they can’t mimic every color around them.So that’s where the second kind of cell comes in.

Just below the chromatophores is a layer of cells that reflect light from the environment,and these cells help the octopus create a precise match with the colors that surround them.The colors from the color sacs are supplemented with colors that are reflected from the environment,and that’s how they’re able to mimic colors with such precision.So that’s how octopuses mimic colors.

But they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment;they can also mimic the texture of objects in their environment.They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures.The projections are called papillae.If the octopus wants to have a rough texture,it raises the papillae;if it wants to have a smooth texture,it flattens out the papillae...So it can acquire a smooth texture to blend in with the sandy bottom of the sea.So the octopus has the ability to mimic both the color and the texture of its environment,and it's truly amazing how well it can blend in with its surroundings.You can easily swim within a few feet of an octopus and never see it.

Male Student:I read that they often hide from predators by squirting out a cloud of ink or something like that?

Female Professor:Yes,the octopus can release a cloud of ink if it feels threatened,ah but it doesn't hide behind it,as is generally believed.Um the ink cloud is...it serves to distract a predator while the octopus makes its escape.Um now there's a third way that octopuses can transform themselves to blend in with or mimic their environment,and that's by changing their shape and size,at least,their apparent size.

The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible,to assume all sorts of shapes and postures.So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone,and sit perfectly still on the sea floor...or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves--even Proteus would be impressed,I think.

二、Octopus托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：在生物課上聽一節(jié)課的一部分。

女教授：好的，現(xiàn)在我想談?wù)勔环N有著迷人的防御機制的動物，那就是章魚。。。生活在海洋中的一種不尋常的生物。章魚是包括人類在內(nèi)的許多物種的獵物，那么它如何逃離捕食者呢？

好吧，讓我再回到這里……有人聽說過變形桿菌嗎？在希臘神話中，普羅特斯是一位可以改變形狀的神。他可以讓自己看起來像一頭獅子，或一塊石頭，或一棵樹，任何他想要的東西，他可以很快經(jīng)歷一系列的變化。

好吧，章魚是Proteus的真實版本；就像變形神一樣，章魚可以經(jīng)歷各種不可思議的變化。。。它通過三種方式做到這一點：改變顏色，改變紋理，改變大小和形狀。它的“正?！逼つw顏色——通常呈現(xiàn)的顏色——是，呃，紅色或棕色，甚至灰色，并且有斑點。但是，當它想要融入環(huán)境中，躲避敵人時，它可以采用周圍環(huán)境的顏色——海底、巖石、珊瑚等等。查爾斯？

男學(xué)生：我們知道這是怎么回事嗎，我的意思是，它們是如何改變顏色的？女教授：嗯，我們知道發(fā)生的反應(yīng)本質(zhì)上不是化學(xué)反應(yīng)。這種顏色變化是由章魚皮膚中的兩種不同細胞引起的，主要是皮膚表面的顏色細胞，稱為色素細胞。

色素細胞由充滿有色染料的小囊組成。每平方毫米的章魚皮膚上可能有幾百個這樣的色囊，根據(jù)物種的不同，它們可以有多達五種不同的顏色。這些囊中的每一個都由肌肉控制。如果肌肉放松，囊就會收縮，你看到的只是一個小小的白點。但如果肌肉收縮，則囊擴張，你可以看到顏色。通過不同程度地擴展這些顏色囊的不同組合，章魚可以創(chuàng)造各種顏色。啊，是嗎，伊麗莎白？女學(xué)生：僅僅通過這五種顏色的各種組合，他們就可以在他們的環(huán)境中重現(xiàn)任何顏色？女教授：毫無疑問，他們可以用這五種顏色創(chuàng)造很多東西，但你是對的，也許他們不能模仿周圍的每種顏色。這就是第二種細胞的來源。

在色素細胞下方是一層細胞，可以反射環(huán)境中的光線，這些細胞可以幫助章魚與周圍的顏色精確匹配。來自色囊的顏色補充了從環(huán)境反射的顏色，這就是他們能夠如此精確地模擬顏色的方式。這就是章魚模仿顏色的方式。

但它們不僅僅是模仿環(huán)境中的顏色；它們還可以模擬其環(huán)境中對象的紋理。它們的皮膚上有這些小突起，使它們看起來像各種紋理。這些突起被稱為乳頭。如果章魚想要有粗糙的質(zhì)地，它會抬高乳頭；如果它想要有一個平滑的紋理，它會使乳頭變平。。。因此，它可以獲得平滑的紋理，以融入沙質(zhì)海底。因此，章魚能夠模仿其環(huán)境的顏色和紋理，它能很好地融入周圍環(huán)境，這真是令人驚訝。你可以很容易地在章魚幾英尺以內(nèi)游泳，卻永遠看不到它。

男學(xué)生：我讀到他們經(jīng)常噴出一團墨水之類的東西來躲避捕食者？

女教授：是的，如果章魚感到受到威脅，它可以釋放出一團墨水，但它并不像人們通常認為的那樣躲在它的后面。嗯，墨云是。。。當章魚逃跑時，它可以分散捕食者的注意力。嗯，現(xiàn)在有第三種方法，章魚可以通過改變形狀和大小，至少是外觀大小來改變自己，以融入或模仿環(huán)境。

章魚的肌肉系統(tǒng)使其非常靈活，可以呈現(xiàn)各種形狀和姿勢。因此，它可以收縮成一個小圓石的形狀，并完美地靜止在海底。。。或者它可以依偎在植物的中間，形成一片葉子的形狀——我認為，即使是變形桿菌也會留下深刻的印象。

三、Octopus托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?

A.Different kinds of color vision in sea animals

B.Differences in appearance between various species of octopus

C.Ways that octopuses attract their prey

D.Ways that octopuses protect themselves from predators

Q2:2.Why does the professor first mention Proteus?

A.To explain how the octopus got its scientific name

B.To introduce the octopus'exceptional abilities

C.To point out that the octopus played an important role in Greek mythology

D.To provide an example of a mythological character that was part animal and part human

Q3:3.How does an octopus change color to match the colors in its environment?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.By raising its papillae

B.By releasing colored ink

C.By reflecting light from its environment

D.By contracting the muscles around its chromatophores

Q4:4.What does the professor say about the function of the papillae?

A.They produce dye in different colors.

B.They propel the octopus through the water.

C.They change the texture of the octopus’skin.

D.They help the octopus contract into a smaller shape.

Q5:5.What two examples does the professor mention to describe the octopus ability to change its shape?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.A small round stone

B.The leaves of a plant

C.A cloud of ink

D.A piece of coral

Q6:6.Why does the professor say this?

A.To point out an error.

B.To illustrate a point.

C.To propose an explanation.

D.To correct a misunderstanding.

四、Octopus托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：D

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：CD

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：AB

A6:正確答案：B

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