second nature雅思閱讀原文及答案

2023-06-27 11:19:20 來源：中國教育在線

本文對大家分享second nature雅思閱讀原文及答案，該篇文章一共有8段，分為兩個部分，前3段在介紹先天性格可以改變，后面的5段則在說明如何改變，下面我們一起來看看原文和答案吧。

閱讀原文翻譯

段落A

Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.However,researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change.Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire,such as loyalty and kindness,and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people.What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world.The good news is that all this can be learned.

心理學家一直認為，一個人的性格不可能經(jīng)歷任何有意義的改變，并且性格的關(guān)鍵特點在年齡很小的時候就已經(jīng)確定下來。然而，研究人員開始更密切的觀察我們可以改變的方式。積極心理學家列舉了我們所贊揚的24種品質(zhì)，比如忠誠和善良，并對他們開展研究，以探究為什么它們對于一些人來說如此自然而然地就會出現(xiàn)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，許多這些品質(zhì)等同于習慣性行為，決定著我們對世界的回應(yīng)方式。好消息是，這些可以通過學習而活動。

Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others,optimism being one of them.However,developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.For example,to bring more joy and passion into your life,you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.

一些品質(zhì)比其他品質(zhì)更容易培養(yǎng)。樂觀就是其中之一。然而，培養(yǎng)品質(zhì)需要掌握一系列十分多樣，并且有時令人驚訝的技巧。例如，為了把更多的歡樂和熱情帶入你的生活，你必須對體驗負面情緒保持開放態(tài)度。培養(yǎng)這些品質(zhì)會幫助你實現(xiàn)自己的全部潛力。

段落B

‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’says Christopher Peterson,professor of psychology at the University of Michigan,who cites himself as an example.Inherently introverted,he realised early on that as an academic,his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall.So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes.‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,’he says.

密歇根大學心理學教授Christopher Peterson用自己作為例子說，“有很好的證據(jù)表明，大多數(shù)性格特征都是可以改變的”。作為一個天生內(nèi)向的人，他很早就意識到，身為一名學者，他的含蓄在講堂里將是災(zāi)難性的。因此他學著更加外向一些，并努力活躍課堂氣氛?！艾F(xiàn)在我外向的行為是自發(fā)的”，他說。

段落C

David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition.He was preparing for university;when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career.On campus,he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling,the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him.He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations.He took action despite his own pain–a typical response of an optimist.

David Fajgenbaum也不得不做出相似的轉(zhuǎn)變。由于一場意外結(jié)束了自己的運動生涯，他正在準備考大學。校園里，他很快發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了普通的咨詢之外，大學沒有為像他那樣正在經(jīng)歷身體復健并飽受抑郁困擾的學生提供任何服務(wù)。因此，他發(fā)起了一個支持小組來幫助擁有相似狀況的人。不顧自己的痛苦，他仍然采取行動。而這正是一名樂觀主義者的典型回應(yīng)。

段落D

Suzanne Segerstrom,professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky,believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour,rather than positive thinking.She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day.This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time,making it easier to begin taking action.

肯塔基大學心理學教授Suzanne Segerstrom認為，提升樂觀的關(guān)鍵在于培養(yǎng)樂觀行為，而非積極的思考模式。她推薦你通過記下每天發(fā)生的三件積極事情來訓練自己去關(guān)注好運氣。這會幫助你相信，有利的結(jié)果其實一直都在發(fā)生，從而讓開始采取行動更加容易一些。

段落E

You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it.Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving–the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment.Beginning in 1998,she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes.The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming.Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do.‘In my career as a competitive freediver,there was a limit to what I could do–but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’she says.

你可以根據(jù)一個人對某項追求的大力投入來判斷這個人對此滿懷熱情。Tanya Streeter’s的熱情在于自由潛水-一項不帶氧氣罐或其他呼吸設(shè)備潛入水里深處的運動。從1998年開始，她創(chuàng)造了9項世界記錄，并能夠閉氣6分鐘。這項運動對身體耐力要求很高，但對心理狀態(tài)的要求卻更為關(guān)鍵。Streeter學會通過判斷自己身體和精神能做到什么來驅(qū)散恐懼。她說：“在我作為一名優(yōu)秀的自由潛水運動員的生涯中，我的能力確實存在極限-但它遠遠超出我曾經(jīng)的設(shè)想”。

段落F

Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life.The secret about consuming passions,though,according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina,is that‘they require discipline,hard work and ability,which is why they are so rewarding.’Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion:‘As a newcomer,you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance.You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way,’he says.

找到一個能讓你為之興奮的追求可以提升任何人的生活質(zhì)量。但是，根據(jù)北卡羅來納大學心理學家Paul Silvia的說法，消耗激情的秘密在于“它們需要自律、努力和能力，這也是他們?yōu)槭裁慈绱酥档萌プ龅脑颉?。心理學家Todd Kashdan對剛剛開始新愛好的人提出如下建議，“作為一名新手，你不得不忍受和嘲笑自己的無知。你必須愿意接受隨之而來的負面情感”。

段落G

In 2004,physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School.Unfortunately,he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing.He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe,Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard.When he got back,he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system.He also vowed to look for the joy in everything,including failure,as this could help him learn about his research and himself.

2004年，醫(yī)生兼心理學家Mauro Zappaterra在哈佛醫(yī)學院開始了自己的博士研究。由于他的研究與自己對治療的好奇并不匹配，他十分苦惱。最終，他決定中斷學業(yè)，并在Santa Fe度過了8個月的時間。在那里，Zappaterra了解到哈佛大學并未教授的替代醫(yī)療技術(shù)。當他回歸校園之后，他更換了實驗室以研究腦脊髓炎如何滋養(yǎng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育。他還下定決心尋找一切事物中的樂趣，甚至包括失敗，因為這能夠幫助他了解自己的研究工作和自身。

One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well.‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’explains Kashdan.For example,are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself,or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?

一個人如果全神貫注于避免失敗而非期待做好某事，那么快樂就會受到阻礙?！瓣P(guān)注安全可能會阻礙你實現(xiàn)自己的目標”，Kashdan解釋說。例如，你是希望在不使自己尷尬的情況下度過商業(yè)午宴，還是思考期間的對話可能會多么的有趣?

段落H

Usually,we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else.For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose,it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong.The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director,knowing his own job security would be threatened.Eventually the manager was the one to go.According to Cynthia Pury,a psychologist at Clemson University,Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness,but by moral obligation.Pury also believes that people can acquire courage.Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation,they first tried to calm themselves down,then looked for a way to mitigate the danger,just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.

通常，我們是從生理角度思考勇敢的含義，但日常生活需要別的東西。對于市場營銷人員Kenneth Pedeleose來說，它意味著對某些他認為道德上錯誤的行為說不。新來的經(jīng)理恐嚇員工。所以Pedeleose仔細記錄了每一次的欺凌，并最終將證據(jù)提交給資深主管，盡管他知道這么做自己的工作可能會受到威脅。最終，經(jīng)理才是走人的那個。根據(jù)克萊門大學心理學家Cynthia Pury的說法，Pedeleose的故事證明了勇氣并不是由無畏，而是由道德責任激發(fā)的。Pury也相信人們能夠獲得勇氣。她的許多學生說，面臨危險的情況時，他們首先嘗試讓自己冷靜下來，然后尋找方法降低危險，正如Pedeleose通過記錄指控證據(jù)所做的那樣。

Over the long term,picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be.And in the short term,the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding,a kind of internal adventure.

長期來看，獲取新的性格特征可能會幫助你朝著自己想要成為的人前進。短期來看，這些努力自身可能就有出乎意料的回報。這是一種內(nèi)心的冒險。

答案

第14題答案：transformation/change

第15題答案：young age

第16題答案：optimism

第17題答案：skills/techniques

第18題答案：negative emotions/feelings

第19題答案：E

第20題答案：C

第21題答案：G

第22題答案：A

第23題答案：E