托福閱讀真題Official 43 Passage 1（一）

托福閱讀真題Official 43 Passage 1（一）

The Empire of Alexander the Great

In 334 B.C.Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia.In the new empire,barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed;markets were put in touch with one another.In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes.Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire.

The first of these was the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East.Greek became the great international language.Towns and cities were established not only as garrisons(military posts)but as centers for the diffusion of Greek language,literature,and thought,particularly through libraries,as at Antioch(in modern Turkey)and the most famous of all,at Alexandria in Egypt,which would be the finest in the world for the next thousand years.

Second,this internationalism spelled the end of the classical Greek city-state—the unit of government in ancient Greece—and everything it stood for.Most city-states had been quite small in terms of citizenry,and this was considered to be a good thing.The focus of life was the agora,the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day,as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom,could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person.The philosopher Plato(428–348 B.C.)felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens,because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other.In decision making,the whole body of citizens together would have the necessary knowledge in order generally to reach the right decision,even though the individual might not be particularly qualified to decide.The philosopher Aristotle(384–322 B.C.),who lived at a time when the city-state system was declining,believed that a political entity of 100,000 simply would not be able to govern itself.

This implied that the city-state was based on the idea that citizens were not specialists but had multiple interests and talents—each a so-called jack-of-all-trades who could engage in many areas of life and politics.It implied a respect for the wholeness of life and a consequent dislike of specialization.It implied economic and military self-sufficiency.But with the development of trade and commerce in Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities;it was no longer possible to be a jack-of-all-trades.One now had to specialize,and with specialization came professionalism.There were getting to be too many persons to know;an easily observable community of interests was being replaced by a multiplicity of interests.The city-state was simply too“small-time.”

Third,Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East.At the peak of the Greek city-state,religion played an important part.Its gods—such as Zeus,father of the gods,and his wife Hera—were thought of very much as being like human beings but with superhuman abilities.Their worship was linked to the rituals connected with one’s progress through life—birth,marriage,and death—and with invoking protection against danger,making prophecies,and promoting healing,rather than to any code of behavior.Nor was there much of a theory of afterlife.

Even before Alexander’s time,a life spent in the service of their city-state no longer seemed ideal to Greeks.The Athenian philosopher Socrates(470–399 B.C.)was the first person in Greece to propose a morality based on individual conscience rather than the demands of the state,and for this he was accused of not believing in the city’s gods and so corrupting the youth,and he was condemned to death.Greek philosophy—or even a focus on conscience—might complement religion but was no substitute for it,and this made Greeks receptive to the religious systems of the Middle East,even if they never adopted them completely.The combination of the religious instinct of Asia with the philosophic spirit of Greece spread across the world in the era after Alexander’s death,blending the culture of the Middle East with the culture of Greece.

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1,Alexander the Great did which of the following?

A.Regulated the movement and resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of Greek people

B.Opened up opportunities in new markets for traders and artisans

C.Created new restrictions on trade

D.Encouraged Greek citizens to choose military careers over careers in trade

正確答案：B

題目詳解

題型分類：事實(shí)信息題

原文定位：第一段

選項(xiàng)分析：

從第一段第2句：in the new…，可以得出市場(chǎng)之間相互聯(lián)系了起來(lái)，并且工匠會(huì)來(lái)到這個(gè)更廣闊的世界尋找他們的財(cái)富，與選項(xiàng)B相對(duì)應(yīng)。

A選項(xiàng)：根據(jù)Southeast Asia可以定位到第一句話，但原文表達(dá)的意思是亞歷山大大帝帶領(lǐng)他的希臘軍隊(duì)向東進(jìn)軍，僅用了幾年時(shí)間就在西南亞大部分地區(qū)建立了一個(gè)帝國(guó)，而不是希臘人在西南亞的遷移和重新定居。張冠李戴。

C選項(xiàng)：根據(jù)trade定位到第二句話，但原文意思為在新帝國(guó)，貿(mào)易壁壘和人民流動(dòng)被消除。因此，C選項(xiàng)與原文相反。

D選項(xiàng)：與原文無(wú)關(guān)。

Question 2 of 14

The word“diffusion”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.adoption

B.spread

C.teaching

D.learning

正確答案：B

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

選項(xiàng)分析：

原文意為建立城鎮(zhèn)不僅是為了軍事，也是為了希臘語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)和思想的diffusion。推測(cè)這里的diffusion的意思為B選項(xiàng)，spread：傳播，擴(kuò)散。

A選項(xiàng)：接受；

C選項(xiàng)：教學(xué)；

D選項(xiàng)：學(xué)習(xí)，帶入原文均不符合語(yǔ)境。

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