劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(1)

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2真題翻譯(1) 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test3閱讀passage2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

“嬰兒腔”對嬰兒大腦發(fā)育的促進(jìn)

The typical way of talking to a baby 一 high-pitched, exaggerated and repetitious 一 is a source of fascination for linguists who hope to understand how 'baby talk’ impacts on learning. Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early as 10 weeks before being born, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's native tongue.

通常人們向嬰兒說話的方式——即高調(diào)門、夸張、重復(fù)——一直讓語言學(xué)家們感到興奮,他們想理解“嬰兒腔”是如何影響學(xué)習(xí)行為的。多數(shù)嬰兒在尚未出生時便開始發(fā)育聽覺能力,這促使許多望子成龍的家長們會對著隆起的孕腹播放古典音樂。甚至有研究指出,嬰兒在出生前10周便開始聽成人說話,這為他們掌握家族的母語積累了素材。

Early language exposure seems to have benefits to the brain — for instance, studies suggest that babies raised in bilingual homes are better at learning how to mentally prioritize information. So how does the sweet if sometimes absurd sound of infantdirected speech influence a baby’s development? Here are some recent studies that explore the science behind baby talk.

較早接觸語言似乎能讓大腦受益——例如,研究表明在雙語環(huán)境中成長的嬰兒更善于學(xué)習(xí)如何在頭腦中優(yōu)化信息處理。那么對嬰兒說出甜蜜的(有時甚至是荒謬可笑的)腔調(diào)又是如何影響嬰兒的成長發(fā)育的呢?以下這些近期的研究探討了“嬰兒腔”背后的科學(xué)道理。

Fathers don’t use baby talk as often or in the same ways as mothers - and that’s perfectly OK, according to a new study. Mark Van Dam of Washington State University at Spokane and colleagues equipped parents with recording devices and speech-recognition software to study the way they interacted with their youngsters during a normal day. ‘We found that moms do exactly what you'd expect and what’s been described many times over,’ Van Dam explains. ‘But we found that dads aren't doing the same thing. Dads didn't raise their pitch or fundamental frequency when they talked to kids.，Their role may be rooted in what is called the bridge hypothesis, which dates back to 1975. It suggests that fathers use less familial language to provide their children with a bridge to the kind of speech they'll hear in public. The idea is that a kid gets to practice a certain kind of speech with mom and another kind of speech with dad, so the kid then has a wider repertoire of kinds of speech to practice,' says VanDam.

據(jù)一項研究表明,父親們通常不像母親們那樣頻繁地或類似地使用“嬰兒腔”這一點毫無問題。華盛頓州立大學(xué)(斯波坎)的馬克·凡丹姆及其同事們給一些父母們裝上了錄音裝置及聲音識別軟件,以研究他們在日常生活中是如何與嬰兒進(jìn)行互動的。他說:“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)母親們的所作所為與人們所想的完全一樣,也是人們多次重申過的。但我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)父親們很少這樣做。父親們跟嬰兒說話時通常不會提高聲調(diào)或頻率?！彼麄兊慕巧蛟S植根于所謂的“橋梁假說”,這要追溯到1975年。這一假說認(rèn)為父親們之所以使用不那么親密的語言,是為了讓孩子街接在公眾場合聽到的聲音。他說:“這個假說就是讓孩子與母親練習(xí)一種語言,而與父親練習(xí)另一種語言,這樣孩子就能有更廣泛的語言儲備?！?/p>

Scientists from the University of Washington and the University of Connecticut collected thousands of 30-second conversations between parents and their babies, fitting 26 children with audio-recording vests that captured language and sound during a typical eight-hour day. The study found that the more baby talk parents used, the more their youngsters began to babble. And when researchers saw the same babies at age two, they found that frequent baby talk had dramatically boosted vocabulary, regardless of socioeconomic status. Those children who listened to a lot of baby talk were talking more than the babies that listened to moreadult talk or standard speech,，says Nairan Ramfrez-Esparza of the University of Connecticut. ‘We also found that it really matters whether you use baby talk in a one-on-one context,' she adds. The more parents use baby talk one-on-one, the more babies babble, and the more they babble, the more words they produce later in life;

來自華盛頓大學(xué)和康涅狄格大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們收集了數(shù)千份父母與孩子間的對話,時長均為30秒,他們給孩子們穿上帶有錄音設(shè)備的馬甲,能在日常的每天8小時的時間里收集語言和聲音。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)父母用的“嬰兒腔”越多,他們的孩子就越開始說話。而且當(dāng)研究者們在孩子2歲再次探訪時發(fā)現(xiàn),頻繁使用“嬰兒腔極大地提高了嬰兒的詞匯量,無論他們的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)階層如何康涅狄格大你竹倫·拉米茲·伊斯帕扎說:“聽‘嬰兒腔’比較多的嬰兒說話多于聽成人腔或正常名;話的嬰兒」我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)是否在一對一的情況下使用‘嬰兒腔’這一點也很關(guān)鍵。父母越頻繁地一對一使用‘嬰兒腔',嬰兒就越頻繁地牙牙學(xué)語,而他們學(xué)得越多,他們在今后的生活中就會使用更多的詞。”

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