劍橋雅思12Test5Section4聽力答案解析 Four business values

劍橋雅思12Test5Section4聽力答案解析 Four business values

In public discussion of business, we take certain values for granted. Today, I am going to talk about four of them: collaboration, hard work, creativity and excellence. Most People would say they are all good things. I’m going to suggest that’s an over-simple view.

The trouble with these values is that they are theoretical concepts, removed from the reality of day-to-day business. Pursue values by all means, but be prepared for what may happen as a result. They can actually cause damage (Q31), which is not at all the intention.

Business leaders generally try to do the right thing. But all too often the right thing backfires if those leaders adopt values without understanding and managing the side effects (Q32) that arise. The values can easily get in the way of what is actually intended.

Ok. So the first value I am going to discuss is collaboration, Er, let me give you an example. On a management training course I once attended, we were put into groups and had to construct a bridge (Q33) across a stream, using building blocks that we were given. The rule was that everyone in the team had to move at least one building block during the construction. This was intended to encourage teamwork.

But it was really a job best done by one person. The other teams tried to collaborate on building the structure, and descended into confusion (Q34), with everyone getting in each other’s way. Our team leader solved the challenge brilliantly. She simply asked everyone in the team to move a piece a few centimeters, to comply with the rule, and then let the person in the team with an aptitude for puzzles like this build it alone. We finished before any other team. My point is that the task wasn’t really suited to teamworking, so why make it one?

Teamwork can also lead to inconsistency – a common cause of poor sales. In the case of a smartphone (Q35) that a certain company launched, one director wanted to target the business market, and another demanded it was aimed at consumers. The company wanted both directors to be involved, so gave the product a consumer-friendly name, but marketed it to companies. The result was that it met the needs of neither group. It would have better to let one director or the other have this way, not both.

Now industriousness, or hard work. It’s easy to mock people who say they work hard: after all, a hamster running around in a wheel is working hard and getting nowhere. Of course hard work is valuable, but only when properly targeted. Otherwise it wastes the resources (Q36) that companies value most – time and energy. And that’s bad for the organization.

There’s a management model that groups people according to four criteria: clever, hard-working, stupid and lazy. Here ‘lazy’ means having a rational determination not to carry out unnecessary (Q37) tasks. It doesn’t mean trying to avoid work altogether. Most people display two of these characteristics, and the most valuable people are those who are both clever and lazy: they possess intellectual clarity, and they don’t rush into making decisions. They come up with solutions to save the time and energy spent by the stupid and hard-working group. Instead of throwing more man-hours at a problem, the clever and lazy group looks for a more effective solution.

Next we come to creativity. This often works well – creating an attention-grapping TV commercial, for example, might lead to increased sales. But it isn’t always a good thing. Some advertising campaigns are remembered for their creativity, without having any effect on sales. This happened a few years ago with the launch of a chocolate bar (Q38); subsequent research showed that plenty of consumers remembered the advert, but had no idea what was being advertised. The troubles is that the creator derives pleasure from coming up with the idea, and wrongly assumes the audience for the campaign will share that feeling.

A company that brings out thousands of new products may seem more creative than a company that only has a few, but it may be too creative, and make smaller profits. Creativity needs to be targeted to solve a problem (Q39) that the company has identified. Just coming up with more and more novel products isn’t necessarily a good thing.

And finally, excellence. We all know companies that claim they ‘strive for excellence’, but it takes a long time to achieve excellence. In business, being first with a product is more profitable than having the best product. A major study of company performance compared pioneers – that is, companies bringing out the first version of a particular product – with followers, the companies that copied and improved on that product. The study found that the pioneers commanded an average market share (Q40) of 29 percent, while the followers achieved less than half that, only 13 percent – even though their product might have been better.

Insisting on excellence in everything we do is time-consuming, wastes energy and leads to losing out on opportunities. Sometimes, second-rate work is more worthwhile than excellence. “Make sure it’s excellent” sounds like a good approach to business, but the “just get-started” approach is likely to be more successful.

劍橋雅思12 Test5 Section4雅思聽力答案

31. damage

32. side effects

33. bridge

34. confusion

35. smartphone

36. resources

37. unnecessary/not necessary

38. chocolate bar

39. problem

40. market share

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