劍橋雅思真題14Test4閱讀Passage2原文翻譯

劍橋雅思真題14Test4閱讀Passage2原文翻譯

Why zoos are good

為什么動(dòng)物園有諸多好處

Scientist David Hone makes the case for zoos

科學(xué)家David Hone詳述動(dòng)物園的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

A In my view,it is perfectly possible for many species of animals living in zoos or wildlife parks to have a quality of life as high as,or higher than,in the wild.Animals in good zoos get a varied and high-quality diet with all the supplements required,and any illnesses they might have will be treated.Their movement might be somewhat restricted,but they have a safe environment in which to live,and they are spared bullying and social ostracism by others of their kind.They do not suffer from the threat or stress of predators,or the irritation and pain of parasites or injuries.The average captive animal will have a greater life expectancy compared with its wild counterpart,and will not die of drought,of starvation or in the jaws of a predator.A lot of very nasty things happen to truly‘wild’animals that simply don’t happen in good zoos,and to view a life that is‘free’as one that is automatically‘good’is,I think,an error.Furthermore,zoos serve several key purposes.

在我看來，那些生活在動(dòng)物園或野生動(dòng)物園中的物種，其生活質(zhì)量很可能和生活在野外的物種一樣高或者更高。動(dòng)物園中的動(dòng)物有多樣化、高質(zhì)量的飲食，可以獲得所有需要的補(bǔ)充品，并且它們的各種疾病也能夠得到治療。它們的活動(dòng)會(huì)受到一定程度的限制，但它們有安全的生存環(huán)境，更少受到物種中其他個(gè)體的攻擊和排斥。它們不需要承受來自捕食者的威脅和壓力，也沒有寄生蟲或傷病帶來的刺激和痛苦。一般圈養(yǎng)動(dòng)物會(huì)比野生動(dòng)物有更長的壽命，并且不會(huì)死于干旱、饑餓或是捕食者。真正“野生”的動(dòng)物會(huì)面臨一些非常危險(xiǎn)的情況，而管理得當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)物園中不會(huì)有這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而且我認(rèn)為將“自由的”生活視為自然而然就可以“運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好”是一種錯(cuò)誤的觀念。此外，動(dòng)物園有幾個(gè)核心的目的。

B Firstly,zoos aid conservation.Colossal numbers of species are becoming extinct across the world,and many more are increasingly threatened and therefore risk extinction.Moreover,some of these collapses have been sudden,dramatic and unexpected,or were simply discovered very late in the day.A species protected in captivity can be bred up to provide a reservoir population against a population crash or extinction in the wild.A good number of species only exist in captivity,with many of these living in zoos.Still more only exist in the wild because they have been reintroduced from zoos,or have wild populations that have been boosted by captive bred animals.Without these efforts there would be fewer species alive today.Although reintroduction successes are few and far between,the numbers are increasing,and the very fact that species have been saved or reintroduced as a result of captive breeding proves the value of such initiatives.

首先，動(dòng)物園有利于保護(hù)動(dòng)物。世界上有大量物種正在滅絕，而且有更多的物種正經(jīng)受著越來越嚴(yán)重的威脅并因此瀕臨滅絕。此外，有一些滅絕是突發(fā)的、快速的、出人意料的，或只是在很晚時(shí)才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。通過圈養(yǎng)被保護(hù)的物種可以被養(yǎng)育以提供儲(chǔ)備種群，從而避免野外的物種滅絕。很多物種只在圈養(yǎng)狀況下生存，它們中的很多生活在動(dòng)物園中。依然有很多物種只在野外生存，這是因?yàn)樗鼈儚膭?dòng)物園被放歸，或者通過圈養(yǎng)長大的動(dòng)物繁育了更多數(shù)量的野生動(dòng)物。如果沒有這些努力，如今存在的物種數(shù)量會(huì)少得多。盡管動(dòng)物放歸的成功案例并不多見，但數(shù)量依然在增加，并且物種通過圈養(yǎng)哺育被挽救或放歸野外這一事實(shí)也證明了這種措施的價(jià)值。

C Zoos also provide education.Many children and adults,especially those in cities,will never see a wild animal beyond a fox or pigeon.While it is true that television documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and impressive,and many natural history specimens are on display in museums,there really is nothing to compare with seeing a living creature in the flesh,hearing it,smelling it,watching what it does and having the time to absorb details.That alone will bring a greater understanding and perspective to many,and hopefully give them a greater appreciation for wildlife,conservation efforts and how they can contribute.

動(dòng)物園同樣對教育有益。很多兒童和成年人，尤其是那些住在城市中的人，除了狐貍和鴿子不會(huì)看到任何一種野生動(dòng)物。盡管電視紀(jì)錄片正變得越來越細(xì)致和吸引人，很多自然歷史標(biāo)本也在博物館中展覽，但事實(shí)上沒有什么能與親身觀察生物、傾聽它們、感受它們、觀察它們在做什么以及花時(shí)間了解更多細(xì)節(jié)相比。單單這樣就可以讓人們對很多生物有更深入的理解，并且有望讓他們更好地理解野生動(dòng)物、保護(hù)措施以及他們自身能夠做的貢獻(xiàn)。

D In addition to this,there is also the education that can take place in zoos through signs,talks and presentations which directly communicate information to visitors about the animals they are seeing and their place in the world.This was an area where zoos used to be lacking,but they are now increasingly sophisticated in their communication and outreach work.Many zoos also work directly to educate conservation workers in other countries,or send their animal keepers abroad to contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in zoos and reserves,thereby helping to improve conditions and reintroductions all over the world.

除此之外，通過標(biāo)識(shí)、對話和演說，同樣可以在動(dòng)物園中對人們進(jìn)行教育，這些方式都可以直接向參觀者們傳達(dá)有關(guān)他們正在觀察的動(dòng)物及其所在地的信息。這方面是動(dòng)物園曾經(jīng)做得不足的地方，但是他們?nèi)缃裨诮涣骱屯茝V工作上做的越來越精細(xì)。很多動(dòng)物園同樣直接為其他國家的動(dòng)物保護(hù)人員提供教育，或者將他們的動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)員派往國外，用他們的知識(shí)和技能幫助那些在動(dòng)物園和自然保護(hù)區(qū)工作的人，從而有助于改善全世界的環(huán)境和動(dòng)物放歸。

E Zoos also play a key role in research.If we are to save wild species and restore and repair ecosystems we need to know about how key species live,act and react.Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos where there is less risk and fewer variables means real changes can be effected on wild populations.Finding out about,for example,the oestrus cycle of an animal or its breeding rate helps us manage wild populations.Procedures such as capturing and moving at-risk or dangerous individuals are bolstered by knowledge gained in zoos about doses for anaesthetics,and by experience in handling arid transporting animals.This can make a real difference to conservation efforts and to the reduction of human-animal conflicts,and can provide a knowledge base for helping with the increasing threats of habitat destruction and other problems.

動(dòng)物園同樣在研究中扮演關(guān)鍵角色。如果我們要保護(hù)野生物種并且恢復(fù)和修復(fù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，我們就需要了解主要的物種如何生存、活動(dòng)以及交流。能夠在動(dòng)物園這種更少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、更少變量的狀態(tài)下對動(dòng)物進(jìn)行研究，意味著可以對野生種群的變化真正起到作用。例如，查明動(dòng)物的發(fā)情期或繁殖率有助于我們管理野生種群。像找到并且轉(zhuǎn)移處于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中或有危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物這樣的措施，就是得到了從動(dòng)物園中獲得的有關(guān)麻醉劑量的知識(shí)，以及幫助和轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的支持。這可以讓保護(hù)行為和減少人與動(dòng)物的沖突變得截然不同，并且建立一個(gè)知識(shí)庫，以幫助解決越來越多的棲息地破壞以及其他方面的問題。

F In conclusion,considering the many ongoing global threats to the environment,it is hard for me to see zoos as anything other than essential to the long-term survival of numerous species.They are vital not just in terms of protecting animals,but as a means of learning about them to aid those still in the wild,as well as educating and informing the general population about these animals and their world so that they can assist or at least accept the need to be more environmentally conscious.Without them,the world would be,and would increasingly become,a much poorer place.

總之，考慮到很多正在發(fā)生的有關(guān)環(huán)境的全球性威脅，我認(rèn)為動(dòng)物園對于大量物種的長期生存至關(guān)重耍。它們不僅在保護(hù)動(dòng)物方面非常重要，也是一種了解動(dòng)物從而在野外對它們提供保護(hù)的方式，并且可以教育和引導(dǎo)大眾了解這些動(dòng)物，從而能讓人們幫助它們，或者至少使人們接受需要有更強(qiáng)的環(huán)境意識(shí)這一觀念。如果沒有它們，世界將會(huì)變得越發(fā)荒蕪。

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