劍橋雅思16Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 I contain multitudes

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劍橋雅思16Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 I contain multitudes 微生物

劍橋雅思16 Test2 Passage1閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us. Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans. And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book, we mess with them at our peril.

微生物，大多數(shù)都是細(xì)菌，在動(dòng)物出現(xiàn)很早以前就生活在地球上，而且它們會(huì)在我們消失之后繼續(xù)存在。雖然裸眼看不到，但它們到處都是。它們出現(xiàn)在土壤、空氣、巖石和水中，也存在于任何形式的生命內(nèi)部，從海草和珊瑚，到狗和人類。并且，正如楊在其十分引人入勝又至關(guān)重要的書中所說(shuō)的那樣，我們冒著危險(xiǎn)操縱它們。

第2段

Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a ‘microbiome’, and these microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual. What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. At best, Yong informs us, we are only 50 per cent human. Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a ‘holobiont’.

每個(gè)物種都有它們自己的微生物群落，被叫做“微生物群”。不同物種之間，不同個(gè)體之間，乃至每個(gè)個(gè)體的不同部分之間，微生物都各有不同。令人驚訝的是，雖然平均每個(gè)人身上擁有大約30萬(wàn)億的細(xì)胞，微生物的個(gè)數(shù)要更高一些，大約39萬(wàn)億。楊告訴我們，哪怕在最好的情況下，我們也僅有50%屬于人類。確實(shí)，一些科學(xué)家甚至認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該將每個(gè)物種及其微生物視為一體，稱之為“holobiont”。

第3段

In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach, the mouth or the armpit and by and large they do so peacefully. So ‘bad’ microbes are just microbes out of context. Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut (where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy) can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream. This article is from Laokaoya website. These communities are constantly changing too. The right hand shares just one sixth of its microbes with the left hand. And, of course, we are surrounded by microbes. Every time we eat, we swallow a million microbes in each gram of food; we are continually swapping microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large…

在每個(gè)人身上，都有只存在于胃部，口腔或腋窩的微生物。大體而言，它們生活的十分平和。所以，“壞”微生物實(shí)際只是脫離相應(yīng)環(huán)境的微生物。愜意地生活在人類消化道中的微生物（那里的微生物數(shù)量甚至比銀河系里的星星還多）如果進(jìn)入血液的話就會(huì)變得非常致命。這些群落也經(jīng)常發(fā)生變化。右手上的微生物和左手相比只有六分之一相同。當(dāng)然，我們也被微生物所圍繞著。每次吃飯的時(shí)候，伴隨每克食物，我們會(huì)吞下100萬(wàn)個(gè)微生物。我們與其他人類，寵物和整個(gè)世界一直都在持續(xù)進(jìn)行微生物的交換。

第4段

It’s a fascinating topic and Yong, a young British science journalist, is an extraordinarily adept guide. Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling. Yong is on a mission. Leading us gently by the hand, he takes us into the world of microbes – a bizarre, alien planet – in a bid to persuade us to love them as much as he does. By the end, we do.

這是個(gè)迷人的話題。楊，年輕的英國(guó)自然科學(xué)記者，是位十分嫻熟的向?qū)АＫ麑?fù)雜的科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)用易于理解又讓人著迷的方式解釋出來(lái)。楊身負(fù)使命。輕輕地拉著我們的手，他將我們帶入微生物的世界-一個(gè)光怪陸離而陌生的星球-嘗試讓我們像他一樣愛(ài)上它們。在讀完整本書之后，我們確實(shí)如此。

第5段

For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed. The first man to see these extraordinarily potent creatures was a Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s. Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times, he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called ‘a(chǎn)nimalcules’. It wasn’t until nearly two hundred years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease. It was Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’ that gave bacteria the poor image that endures today.

在人類歷史的大部分時(shí)間，我們都不知道微生物的存在。17世紀(jì)70年代，一名叫做Antony van Leeuwenhoek的荷蘭鏡片工匠文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思第一次看到了這些極其強(qiáng)大的生物。利用自己設(shè)計(jì)的、可以放大到270倍的顯微鏡，他檢驗(yàn)了附近湖泊的一滴水，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中充滿他稱之為“animalcules”的微小生物。直到近200年后，法國(guó)生物學(xué)家Louis Pasteur的研究才表明，一些微生物會(huì)引發(fā)疾病。正是Pasteur的病菌理論賦予細(xì)菌一直延續(xù)到今天的不良形象。

第6段

Yong’s book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health. The book also acknowledges that our attitude towards bacteria is no a simple one. We tend to see the dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold yoghurts and drinks that supposedly nurture “friendly’ bacteria. In reality, says Yong, bacteria should not be viewed as either friends or foes, villains or heroes. Instead we should realise we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive.

楊的書用多種方式請(qǐng)求我們對(duì)微生物持容忍態(tài)度。他指出，雖然有不到100種細(xì)菌會(huì)帶來(lái)疾病，但還有上千種在維護(hù)我們的健康方面發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。這本書也認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們對(duì)待細(xì)菌的態(tài)度并不統(tǒng)一。我們會(huì)看到細(xì)菌所造成的危險(xiǎn)，但與此同時(shí)我們也會(huì)購(gòu)買培養(yǎng)益生菌的酸奶和飲料。事實(shí)上，楊認(rèn)為細(xì)菌既不應(yīng)該被當(dāng)作是朋友，也不應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是敵人。它們既不是惡棍，也不是英雄。與之相反，我們應(yīng)該意識(shí)到我們之間存在共生關(guān)系，即可以互相增益，也可以互相毀滅。

第7段

What then do these millions of organisms do? The answer is pretty much everything. New research is now unravelling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate toxins, produce vitamins, affect our behaviour and even combat obesity. ‘They actually help us become who we are,’ says Yong. But we are facing a growing problem. Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

那么，這些數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的生命究竟做什么呢？答案是幾乎任何事情。新的研究如今表明，細(xì)菌幫助消化，管理我們的免疫系統(tǒng)，消除毒素，生產(chǎn)維生素，影響我們的行為，甚至對(duì)抗肥胖?！八鼈儗?shí)際上幫助我們塑造自身”，楊說(shuō)。但我們也面臨越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。我們對(duì)衛(wèi)生的癡迷，對(duì)抗生素的過(guò)度使用，以及我們不健康的、低纖維的飲食正在破壞菌落平衡，并且可能要為越來(lái)越多的過(guò)敏和免疫系統(tǒng)疾病負(fù)責(zé)，如炎性腸病。

第8段

The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside down. For example, there are studies indicating that the excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay. Other studies show that keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria which may help protect them against allergies later.

最新的研究實(shí)際上顛覆了我們普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)。例如，有研究表明，在家庭中過(guò)度使用洗滌劑和抗菌產(chǎn)品會(huì)破壞平時(shí)阻礙更為危險(xiǎn)的細(xì)菌入侵的微生物。其他研究表明，養(yǎng)一條狗作為寵物會(huì)讓孩子早早接觸到各類細(xì)菌，這有助于保護(hù)他們?nèi)蘸竺馐苓^(guò)敏的困擾。

第9段

The readers of Yong’s book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world. Among the less appealing case studies is one about a fungus that is wiping out entire populations of frogs and that can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium. Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria that protect them against predators. However, if you can overcome your distaste for some of the investigations, the reasons for Yong’s enthusiasm become clear. The microbial world is a place of wonder. Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever – a disease that infects 400 million people a year – mosquitoes are being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease. In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections. Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.

楊的作品的讀者必須做好了解一個(gè)十分乏味的世界的準(zhǔn)備。在不那么讓人喜歡的案例研究中有一項(xiàng)是關(guān)于某個(gè)正在滅絕整個(gè)青蛙群體的真菌的，而只有一種稀有的細(xì)菌才能終止這一過(guò)程。另外一項(xiàng)是關(guān)于烏賊的。它們所攜帶的可以發(fā)光的細(xì)菌保護(hù)他們遠(yuǎn)離捕食者。然而，如果你可以克服對(duì)一些研究的厭惡，楊熱情背后的原因就會(huì)變得十分明顯。微生物世界充滿了驚喜。在阻止蚊子傳播革登熱（一種每年感染4億人的疾?。┑膰L試中，蚊子被搭載上一種可以阻礙疾病的細(xì)菌。未來(lái)，我們操縱微生物的能力意味著我們可以建造墻壁中內(nèi)嵌微生物以對(duì)抗感染的建筑。想象一下，嶄新醫(yī)院病房覆蓋著經(jīng)過(guò)特定混合后的微生物，以便嬰兒可以完美開啟他們的生命。

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