‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership劍橋雅思10聽力-原文翻譯及答案解析

一、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership聽力原文：

Today,I want to talk about self-regulatory focus theory and how the actions of leaders can affect the way followers approach different situations.

Self-regulatory focus theory is a theory developed by Tori Higgins.

He says that a person's focus at any given time is to either approach pleasure or avoid pain.

These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has,and they cause us to have different kinds of goals.

Promotion goals in different life situations emphasise achievement.

Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of punishment.

In a specific situation,our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on prevention goals.

The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are focusing on.

First,there is a chronic factor.

This factor is connected to a person’s personality and says that each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on promotion goals or focus more on prevention goals as part of his or her personality.

Second,there is a situational factor which means that the context we are in can make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the other.

For example,we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure and to have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend.

In contrast,if we are working on an important project for our boss,we are more likely to try to avoid making mistakes and therefore have more prevention goals in our mind.

Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect the way we think.

For example,when focusing on promotion goals,people consider their ideal self,their aspirations and gains.

They don't think about what they can lose,so they think in a happier mode.

They feel more inspired to change.

When people are focusing on prevention goals,they think about their“ought”self.

What are they supposed to be?

What are people expecting from them?

They consider their obligations to others.

As a result,they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could lose.

Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people,I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave,or their style of leading,can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.

In talking about leadership,we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.

Transformational leaders,when interacting with their followers,focus on their development.

In their words and actions transformational leaders highlight change.

Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.

All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.

In other words,they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.

In contrast,transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.

While they do explain the rewards people will get for following orders,they emphasise more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't get rewarded if his or her behaviour doesn't change.

In short,they emphasise the consequences of making a mistake.

This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and problems.

This is clearly a prevention focus.

In conclusion,it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better than the other one.

For a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed,a promotion focus is probably better.

In contrast,a prevention focus which causes people to work more cautiously and produce higher quality work might be very appropriate for a job like a surgeon,for example.

The main point of the research,though,is that the actions of leaders can greatly influence whether people approach a situation with more of a promotion focus or more of a prevention focus.

二、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership聽力中文翻譯：

今天，我想談?wù)勛晕艺{(diào)節(jié)焦點理論，以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的行為如何影響追隨者處理不同情況的方式。

自我調(diào)節(jié)焦點理論是托里·希金斯提出的一種理論。

他說，一個人在任何時候的注意力都是要么接近快樂，要么避免痛苦。

這是我們每個人都有的兩個基本動機，它們使我們有不同的目標(biāo)。

不同生活環(huán)境中的晉升目標(biāo)強調(diào)成就。

預(yù)防目標(biāo)旨在避免懲罰。

在特定情況下，我們的想法可能更多地集中在促進(jìn)目標(biāo)或預(yù)防目標(biāo)上。

該理論表明，有兩個因素會影響我們關(guān)注的目標(biāo)。

首先，有一個長期因素。

這一因素與一個人的性格有關(guān)，并表示每個人都有一個基本的傾向，要么將更多的精力放在提升目標(biāo)上，要么將更多的精力放在預(yù)防目標(biāo)上，作為其性格的一部分。

其次，還有一個情境因素，這意味著我們所處的環(huán)境可以使我們更可能專注于一組目標(biāo)或另一組目標(biāo)。

例如，當(dāng)我們與朋友在一起時，我們更有可能考慮快樂，并有晉升目標(biāo)。

相反，如果我們正在為老板做一個重要的項目，我們更有可能避免犯錯，因此我們心中有更多的預(yù)防目標(biāo)。

研究表明，我們在特定時間關(guān)注的目標(biāo)會影響我們的思維方式。

例如，當(dāng)關(guān)注晉升目標(biāo)時，人們會考慮他們的理想自我、愿望和收獲。

他們不會考慮自己會失去什么，所以他們會以更快樂的方式思考。

他們感到更有動力去改變。

當(dāng)人們關(guān)注預(yù)防目標(biāo)時，他們會考慮自己的“應(yīng)該”自我。

它們應(yīng)該是什么？

人們對他們有什么期望？

他們考慮自己對他人的義務(wù)。

結(jié)果，他們經(jīng)歷了更多的焦慮，并試圖避免可能失敗的情況。

既然我已經(jīng)談到了這兩個焦點以及它們?nèi)绾斡绊懭藗?，我想看看領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的行為方式或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格會影響追隨者在特定情況下所采用的焦點。

在談到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力時，我們經(jīng)常提到變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和交易型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在與追隨者互動時，關(guān)注他們的發(fā)展。

變革型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在他們的言行中強調(diào)了變革。

他們的演講充滿激情，傳達(dá)了明確的愿景。

所有這些都可以鼓勵追隨者思考可能發(fā)生的事情。

換言之，他們激發(fā)了追隨者的晉升重點。

相比之下，交易型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者專注于開發(fā)清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)，告訴他們的追隨者對他們的期望。

雖然他們確實解釋了人們會因遵守命令而獲得的獎勵，但他們更強調(diào)了追隨者將如何受到懲罰，或者如果其行為沒有改變，追隨者將不會得到獎勵。

簡而言之，他們強調(diào)犯錯誤的后果。

這種強調(diào)顯然會引導(dǎo)追隨者專注于避免懲罰和問題。

這顯然是一個預(yù)防重點。

總之，重要的是要理解一個重點不一定比另一個好。

對于在需要大量創(chuàng)新的領(lǐng)域工作的設(shè)計師來說，以促銷為重點可能更好。

相反，以預(yù)防為重點，使人們更加謹(jǐn)慎地工作，并產(chǎn)生更高質(zhì)量的工作，可能非常適合像外科醫(yī)生這樣的工作。

然而，這項研究的主要觀點是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的行為可以極大地影響人們處理一種情況時是更注重促進(jìn)還是更注重預(yù)防。

三、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership聽力問題：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.'Self-regulatory focus theory'and leadership

Self-regulatory focus theory

Peopled focus is to approach pleasure or avoid pain

Promotion goals focus on

Prevention goals emphasise avoiding punishment

Factors that affect people's focus

The Chronic Factor

comes from one’s TheFactor

we are more likely to focus on promotion goals when with a we are more likely to focus on prevention goals with our boss How people's focus affects them

Promotion Focus:People think about an ideal version of themselves,their

and their gains.

Prevention Focus:People think about their‘ought’self and their obligations

Leaders

Leadership behaviour and affects people’s focus

Transformational Leaders:

pay special attention to the of their followerspassionately communicate a clear inspire promotion focus in followers Transactional Leaders:

createto make expectations clearemphasise the results of a mistakeinspire prevention focus in followers Conclusion

Promotion Focus is good for jobs requiring

Prevention Focus is good for work such as a surgeon

Leaders’actions affect which focus people use

四、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership聽力答案：

31.achievement/achievements

32.personality/character

33.Situational

34.friend

35.aspirations/ambitions

36.style

37.development

38.vision

39.structures

40.innovation/innovations

五、‘Self-Regulatory Focus Theory'and Leadership聽力答案解析

31.achievement考查晉升目標(biāo)應(yīng)強調(diào)................。原文中第一次出現(xiàn)promotion goals要注意，后面接著說emphasise achievement，這里emphasise與題目中的focus on相對應(yīng)，所以答案確定是achievement。

32.personality 32~34都出現(xiàn)在Factors that affect people’s focus的小標(biāo)題下，這道題目考的是長期原因，注意“長期”，這個詞chronic即使不認(rèn)識也沒關(guān)系，可以試著拼讀下然后聽錄音中類似的發(fā)音詞匯。本題好在直接出現(xiàn)原詞，考生可以聽到First,there is a chronic factor.注意后面的信息，This factor is connected to a person’s personality，所以確定答案是personality。

33.Situational這個題要填寫與The Chronic Factor相對應(yīng)的詞，所以該答案要首字母大寫。因為32題處出現(xiàn)了First，考生要注意聽Second一詞。原文出現(xiàn)Second,there is a situational factor...，確定答案是Situational。

34.friend這道題需要填寫一個單數(shù)名詞，34題所在句子與下面一行的句子結(jié)構(gòu)相似，根據(jù)下面的句子...focus on prevention goals with our boss可知這里我們要填寫一個與人相關(guān)的詞?？忌梢月牭?..have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend，所以確定答案是friend。

35.aspirations本題填寫與goals相并列的詞，應(yīng)該是名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式或者不可數(shù)名詞。

考生可以聽到when focusing on promotion goals,people consider their ideal self,their aspirations and gains，確定答案是aspirations，這里不能少寫s。

36.style答案為與behaviour并列的詞，并且由謂語動詞affects是單三形式可以確定本空填寫單數(shù)名詞，考生可以聽到the way leaders behave,or their style of leading...behave與題目中的behaviour對應(yīng)，可確定答案是style。

37.development 37、38題是在小標(biāo)題Transformational Leaders下，注意聽路標(biāo)詞。由In talking about leadership,we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.可知第37、38題的答案即將出現(xiàn)。由when interacting with their followers,focus on their development可以確定這里填寫development，followers原詞重現(xiàn)，pay attention to與原文中的focus on對應(yīng)。

38.vision本題填寫單數(shù)名詞，注意與passionately communication相關(guān)詞匯。考生可以聽到Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.，這里passionate與passionately相對應(yīng)，speech與communication相對應(yīng)，所以確定這里的答案是vision。

39.structures要注意聽transactional leaders下results of a mistake前的內(nèi)容?？忌梢月牭絠n contrast，知道要從transformational leaders換角度了，接著說transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures...，確定答案是structures，developing與create相對應(yīng)，clear原詞重現(xiàn)。

40.innovation/innovations填寫名詞，考生可以聽到a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed,a promotion focus is better，原文中needed與題目中的requiring相對應(yīng)，所以填寫innovation。

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