劍橋雅思真題15閱讀解析：List of Headings

劍橋雅思真題15閱讀解析：List of Headings

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 63 and 64.

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Getting the finance for production

ii An unexpected benefit

iii From initial inspiration to new product

iv The range of potential customers for the device

v What makes the device different from alternatives

vi Cleaning water from a range of sources

vii Overcoming production difficulties

viii Profit not the primary goal

ix A warm welcome for the device

x The number of people affected by water shortages

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

18 Section E

19 Section F

20 Section G

The Desolenator: producing clean water

ATravelling around Thailand in the 1990s, William Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop solar heating systems that were on many homes, where energy from the sun was absorbed by a plate and then used to heat water for domestic use. Two decades later Janssen developed that basic idea he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable device that uses the power from the sun to purify water.

BThe Desolenator operates as a mobile desalination unit that can take water from different places, such as the sea, rivers, boreholes and rain, and purify it for human consumption. It is particularly valuable in regions where natural groundwater reserves have been polluted, or where seawater is the only water source available.

Janssen saw that there was a need for a sustainable way to clean water in both the developing and the developed countries when he moved to the United Arab Emirates and saw large-scale water processing. 'I was confronted with the enormous carbon footprint that the Gulf nations have because of all of the desalination that they do,' he says.

CThe Desolenator can produce 15 litres of drinking water per day, enough to sustain a family for cooking and drinking. Its main selling point is that unlike standard desalination techniques, it doesn't require a generated power supply: just sunlight. It measures 120 cm by 90 cm, and is easy to transport, thanks to its two wheels. Water enters through a pipe, and flows as a thin film between a sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar panel, where it is heated by the sun. The warm water flows into a small boiler (heated by a solar-powered battery) where it is converted to steam. When the steam cools, it becomes distilled water. The device has a very simple filter to trap particles, and this can easily be shaken to remove them. There are two tubes for liquid coming out: one for the waste - salt from seawater, fluoride, etc. - and another for the distilled water. The performance of the unit is shown on an LCD screen and transmitted to the company which provides servicing when necessary.

DA recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of the world's population lives with severe water scarcity for at least a month every year. Janssen says that by 2030 half of the world's population will be living with water stress - where the demand exceeds the supply over a certain period of time. 4 It is really important that a sustainable solution is brought to the market that is able to help these people/ he says. Many countries 'don't have the money for desalination plants, which are very expensive to build. They don't have the money to operate them, they are very maintenance intensive, and they don't have the money to buy the diesel to run the desalination plants, so it is a really bad situation?

EThe device is aimed at a wide variety of users - from homeowners in the developing world who do not have a constant supply of water to people living off the grid in rural parts of the US. The first commercial versions of the Desolenator are expected to be in operation in India early next year, after field tests are carried out. The market for the self-sufficient devices in developing countries is twofold - those who cannot afford the money for the device outright and pay through microfinance, and middle-income homes that can lease their own equipment. 'People in India don't pay for a fridge outright; they pay for it over six months. They would put the Desolenator on their roof and hook it up to their municipal supply and they would get very reliable drinking water on a daily basis/ Janssen says. In the developed world, it is aimed at niche markets where tap water is unavailable - for camping, on boats, or for the military, for instance.

FPrices will vary according to where it is bought. In the developing world, the price will depend on what deal aid organisations can negotiate. In developed countries, it is likely to come in at $1,000 (685) a unit, said Janssen. 4 We are a venture with a social mission. We are aware that the product we have envisioned is mainly finding application in the developing world and humanitarian sector and that this is the way we will proceed. We do realise, though, that to be a viable company there is a bottom line to keep in mind, he says.

GThe company itself is based at Imperial College London, although Janssen, its chief executive, still lives in the UAE. It has raised 340,000 in funding so far. Within two years, he says, the company aims to be selling 1,000 units a month, mainly in the humanitarian field. They are expected to be sold in areas such as Australia, northern Chile, Peru, Texas and California.

Questions 21-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

How the Desolenator works

The energy required to operate the Desolenator comes from sunlight. The device can be used in different locations, as it has 21………….. .Water is fed into a pipe, and a 22………….. of water flows over a solar panel. The water then enters a boiler, where it turns into steam. Any particles in the water are caught in a 23………….. .The purified water comes out through one tube, and all types of 24………….. come out through another. A screen displays the 25………….. of the device, and transmits the information to the company so that they know when the Desolenator requires 26………….. .

答案解析

Question 14

答案：F

關(guān)鍵詞：avoided

解題思路：如前文中已經(jīng)多次提到的那樣：在“段落匹配信息”這種類型的題目中，大概率會(huì)有諸如reference、account、mention這類詞匯出現(xiàn)，它們表達(dá)的意思都是“提到、說到”，考生切勿將此處的reference理解為此詞的其他意義，如“參考”等，徒增理解難度。本題定位不難，無(wú)論考生是選擇平行閱讀、逐句讀懂大意（則會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)F段的前三句話都是圍繞這個(gè)內(nèi)容展開的），還是只在文中聚焦尋找“避免更多物種滅絕”這個(gè)信息點(diǎn)（則會(huì)在第三句原文中找到prevent這個(gè)詞可以直接對(duì)應(yīng)于題干中的avoid），都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案出處。如果是運(yùn)用平行閱讀法，同時(shí)照顧幾個(gè)題型的解答，則還有意外收獲：同樣在這個(gè)答案句里還提及了人名觀點(diǎn)匹配中第24題的對(duì)應(yīng)信息。

Question 15

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：reproducing, DNA, only

解題思路：本題所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文句中包含了較多比較生僻的詞匯，例如fertilised和embryo（盡管這兩個(gè)單詞在“動(dòng)物類”題材的雅思閱讀文章中其實(shí)出鏡率也都不低），但是這些較為陌生的詞匯其實(shí)并不會(huì)影響到考生對(duì)于整個(gè)句子的大體理解，因此也就不影響考生看出本句說的就是“利用克隆技術(shù)把已滅絕鴿子的DNA放在另一種近親鴿子身上孕育、進(jìn)而復(fù)活前者”，從而對(duì)應(yīng)得出正確答案。一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)若干個(gè)生僻詞匯、從而可能會(huì)給考生充分理解句子的意思造成一定障礙的現(xiàn)象，其實(shí)在雅思閱讀文章中非常常見。在考場(chǎng)上不允許查單詞的情況下，考生需要擁有冷靜的心態(tài)和平時(shí)積累的分析長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)的能力，就可以在不一定認(rèn)識(shí)所有單詞的情況下，仍然能看懂句子大意從而解題。

Question 16

答案：D

關(guān)鍵詞：habitat, suffered

解題思路：如果是運(yùn)用平行閱讀的方法，本題的定位和理解就都不困難，因?yàn)樵谟辛薉段前三句對(duì)于旅鴿和斑尾鴿筑巢習(xí)性的對(duì)比描述這個(gè)背景下，考生可以在讀到第四句時(shí)輕松得出正確答案；如果單純?nèi)ふ襤abitat或suffer這些題干詞在原文中的對(duì)應(yīng)，最終也是能找到答案的，但可能會(huì)耗費(fèi)更多時(shí)間，因?yàn)槎ㄎ涣藛卧~以后還是需要通讀整個(gè)句子來(lái)進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)，反而不如依次閱讀每句的速度更快、理解更順暢。

Question 17

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：exact point

解題思路：本題在文章中的出處比較靠前，理解難度也比較低，是這部分題型中比較友好的一道題目。即使考生在閱讀題干時(shí)并沒有直接理解到exact point在此處暗含著“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”這個(gè)信息，其實(shí)也能在讀到文章中相應(yīng)描述的時(shí)候，將原句內(nèi)容與本題題干進(jìn)行匹配，從而得出正確答案。

Question 18

答案：genetic traits

關(guān)鍵詞：Professor George Church

解題思路：本題的定位難度極低，無(wú)論是人名大寫信息George Church，還是一模一樣出現(xiàn)在原文中的tundra這個(gè)詞，都能幫考生輕松找到答案句出處附近；同時(shí)，題干表述enabled與原文made it possible之間的同義替換也非常明顯，由此可知答案應(yīng)為：genetic traits。

Question 19

答案：heat loss

關(guān)鍵詞：physical adaptations, minimise

解題思路：本題的定位與上一道題距離并不遠(yuǎn)，且題干中的adaptations 在原文中一模一樣地出現(xiàn)了，另一個(gè)幫助定位答案的題干詞minimise與原文中reduce的同義替換表述關(guān)系也十分明顯，且這兩個(gè)詞都是雅思閱讀文章中的常客，考生要順利得出答案為heat loss并不困難。

Question 20

答案：ears

關(guān)鍵詞：thicker hair, reduced size

解題思路：本題與下一題出自同一個(gè)答案句，題干中和兩個(gè)空格形成并列關(guān)系的thicker hair是一模一樣地出現(xiàn)在原文中的，考生完全可以憑借這個(gè)詞組定位到大致句中位置，再利用題干中reduced size與原文更為直白的表述smaller之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，輕松得出答案為：ears。 如果一定要說有什么困難之處，大約就是本題和下一題的岀題位置跟第19題的出處略有亂序，但是由于三者都處在同一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句的范圍之內(nèi)，所以雖然亂序，但答案也相隔不遠(yuǎn)，并不會(huì)對(duì)考生閱讀和答題造成實(shí)質(zhì)性的干擾。

Question 21

答案：(insulating) fat

關(guān)鍵詞：more

解題思路：本題與上一題是并列關(guān)系，定位后對(duì)比分析題干，即可輕松得出答案為：insulating fat。

Question 22

答案：(carbon) emissions

關(guān)鍵詞：reduce temperatures, decrease

解題思路：由于答案出處位置比較集中，所以考生在解答完前面的題目、順序向下閱讀的過程中，很快就能在原文中定位到reduce這個(gè)與題干中的decrease同義替換、且在雅思聽說讀寫各科目中都高頻出現(xiàn)的單詞，進(jìn)而順利得出答案為：carbon emissions。

Question 23

答案：B

關(guān)鍵詞：Michael Archer

解題思路：考生解答此題的速度，在一定程度上取決于自身的單詞量高低。如果在利用大寫人名Michael Archer定位到B段后，在閱讀第三句話時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)syndrome“疾病癥狀”、threaten“威脅”、resident“居住者”這些單詞的意思，其實(shí)已經(jīng)能得出“袋狼滅絕以后，另一種本地生物袋獐受到了疾病威脅”這個(gè)理解，進(jìn)而在下一句中從would have prevented這個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)中得出結(jié)論：如果袋狼能在本地復(fù)活，其實(shí)袋獴就不會(huì)受到這么大的威脅，由此可以順利得出正確答案為本句人名對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)B。但是如果并不認(rèn)識(shí)上面說到的詞匯，對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的意思表達(dá)也不夠敏感，則可能需要拿出耐心來(lái)、多往下再看兩句話，也能根據(jù)難度更低的詞匯和句子大意的表達(dá)，得出同樣的結(jié)論。

Question 24

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞：Beth Shapiro

解題思路：本題的難度比較高，其中最主要的原因是：Beth Shapiro這個(gè)人名第一次出現(xiàn)的位置是在文章的C段中；然而這一段重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的意思是“用已滅絕動(dòng)物的DNA片段和這種動(dòng)物的近親物種可以雜交出一種類似但并非完全一樣的生物”，完全沒有提及“聚焦物種滅絕原因”這個(gè)信息。這無(wú)疑對(duì)考生提升閱讀速度、準(zhǔn)確理解句子大意、甚至是保持穩(wěn)定的心態(tài)都提出了一定挑戰(zhàn)。在此提示考生：做題的本質(zhì)一方面在于準(zhǔn)確對(duì)應(yīng)到正確的答案出處，但另一方面在于當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)所讀之處并不對(duì)應(yīng)問題信息的時(shí)候，需及時(shí)果斷做出判定，繼續(xù)向后文中尋找還未看過的文章部分，而不是輕易產(chǎn)生自我懷疑和動(dòng)搖，盲目回讀之前的內(nèi)容。當(dāng)然，這種果斷需建立在平時(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)句篇章分析練習(xí)、對(duì)自己準(zhǔn)確讀懂句意這一點(diǎn)有自信的基礎(chǔ)之上。 而一旦具備了這個(gè)自信、判定C段Shapiro所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與解題無(wú)關(guān)之后，考生即可迅速去定位這個(gè)人名的下一個(gè)出處，從而在F段的第三句里找到正確的對(duì)應(yīng)。

Question 25

答案：A

關(guān)鍵詞：Ben Novak

解題思路：本題的難點(diǎn)與上一道題類似，同樣是因?yàn)槿嗣鸅en Novak第一次出現(xiàn)的位置是在A段，然而A段中卻并沒有任何表述了題干對(duì)應(yīng)信息的語(yǔ)句，所以考生需及時(shí)判定并轉(zhuǎn)而尋找下一次的人名出處，從而定位到D段。同時(shí)，在定位之后，雖然通過第四句話中trees and branches這個(gè)信息與題干中vegetation這個(gè)上義下義之間的同義替換，確實(shí)能獲得強(qiáng)烈的暗示，但要百分之百確定此處為正確答案對(duì)應(yīng)處的話，考生最好還是耐心向下文再多看幾句，從而最終敲定正確答案為人名對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)A。

Question 26

答案：C

關(guān)鍵詞：Beth Shapiro

解題思路：本題的定位距離同樣對(duì)應(yīng)于Shapiro這個(gè)人名的另外一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)表述，也就是第24題的答案出處，并不算很遠(yuǎn)；考生在定位到本段人名Shapiro和找到24題答案后，只需再耐心確認(rèn)一下后文的幾句話，發(fā)現(xiàn)還是同一個(gè)人在繼續(xù)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，原本就應(yīng)該再向后閱讀幾句，查對(duì)是否還有其他對(duì)應(yīng)題目的表述。本題的難度來(lái)自于答案的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)在全文最后一段的最后一句話里，考生需一直讀到此處，才能輕松看出原文中的not enough這個(gè)表述正是直接對(duì)應(yīng)于題干里的insufficient，且本段也確實(shí)是在說“保護(hù)各種各樣的物種”這個(gè)話題，從而準(zhǔn)確匹配到正確答案為C。

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