Changes in Adulthood托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

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Changes in Adulthood托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、Changes in Adulthood托福聽力原文：

M:We all change over the course of our adulthood.Some changes we go through are biological and are a natural part of aging.Some are cultural experiences,such as the changes related to our family life.A lot of the changes in adulthood involve social relationships and responsibilities.And then,there are some changes that are more internal and personal.Question?

W:Yes.Um,is what you’re talking about—1 mean these changes we experience—are they part of our biological clock?

M:I’m glad you brought up the biological clock.The term“biological clock”refers to the biological and chemical changes that occur with aging,as if a clock were ticking away in the background.Some changes in adults are biological.These changes are often easy to observe,like my hair turning gray.Some biological changes aren’t directly visible,such as the...uh...the reduced efficiency of the neural connections in our brain.But some of the changes we go through have more to do with sociology than biology.There’s also a“social clock”that defines the sequence of normal life experiences,such as...uh...the timing of education,career,marriage,and so on.Virtually all societies are organized into age strata,periods in life with norms for—that is,typical...uh...expectations,demands,social roles and responsibilities.People have different expectations of—and different attitudes toward—20-year-olds,40-year-olds,and 70-year-olds.We generally expect a 20-year-old to act in a certain way,but we expect different behavior from someone who’s 40 or 70.Our attitudes towards each age group form what we consider to be the age norms for that group.

W:Excuse me,Dr.Butler.Wouldn’t these age norms be different in different cultures?I mean,in some cultures someone who’s 40 is considered old,but in other cultures 40 is still kind of young.

M:Various cultures might define“old”and“young”differently,but every culture has a set of attitudes—age norms—for old people and a different set of attitudes for young people.For example,an older adult might be seen as having more—or less—status than a young adult—no matter how the culture defines what age is“old.”

Early adulthood is the period from age 18 to 40.Early adulthood is when more new social roles are acquired than at any other time of life.The first new role is often independent adulthood,as the young person leaves home.Another new role is worker,as the young adult begin a career.Young adults also acquire the role of spouse,as most first marriages occur during early adulthood.A major new role is that of parent.Over 80 percent of adults in North America will eventually become parents,normally in their twenties or thirties.

The second stage of adulthood,middle adulthood,is roughly from age 40 to 65.In middle adulthood,the same social roles are still present—spouse,parent,worker—but they become less demanding and less confining than they were during early adulthood.A few new roles are added,like grandparent,or maybe caregiver to our own aging parents.This is the“sandwich generation,”because people in middle adulthood are sandwiched between the needs of their children and the needs of their aging parents.

Late adulthood begins at age 65.Late adulthood is normally marked by a decline in the number of social roles.The role of worker is shed at retirement.The older adult is still a parent,but that role now has fewer duties.For many people,the role of spouse is given up to widowhood.Yes?

W:So far,you’ve been talking about people who have children.What about people who don’t have children?

M:Adults who don’t have children don’t experience the role changes that accompany a child’s development,yet their experiences do not otherwise differ in any substantial way.They follow the basic pattern of adulthood.By this I mean,they add new roles in early adulthood,change roles in middle adulthood,and shed roles in late adulthood.

二、Changes in Adulthood托福聽力中文翻譯：

M：我們都會(huì)在成年過程中發(fā)生變化。我們所經(jīng)歷的一些變化是生理上的，是衰老的自然組成部分。有些是文化經(jīng)歷，比如與我們的家庭生活有關(guān)的變化。成年后的許多變化都涉及社會(huì)關(guān)系和責(zé)任。還有一些更為內(nèi)在和個(gè)人的變化。問題

W：是的。嗯，你說的-1是指我們經(jīng)歷的這些變化嗎？它們是我們生物鐘的一部分嗎？

M：我很高興你提到了生物鐘?！吧镧姟币辉~指的是隨著年齡的增長而發(fā)生的生物和化學(xué)變化，就好像一個(gè)時(shí)鐘在背景中滴答作響。成年人的一些變化是生物性的。這些變化通常很容易觀察到，就像我的頭發(fā)變白了一樣。有些生物變化是不直接可見的，比如。。。嗯我們大腦中神經(jīng)連接的效率降低。但我們所經(jīng)歷的一些變化更多地與社會(huì)學(xué)有關(guān)，而不是生物學(xué)。還有一個(gè)“社交時(shí)鐘”，它定義了正常生活經(jīng)歷的順序，比如。。。嗯教育、職業(yè)、婚姻等的時(shí)間安排。幾乎所有的社會(huì)都被組織成不同的年齡層，生活中有規(guī)范的時(shí)期。這是典型的。。。嗯期望、需求、社會(huì)角色和責(zé)任。人們對20歲、40歲和70歲的人有不同的期望和態(tài)度。我們通常期望20歲的人以某種方式行事，但我們期望40歲或70歲的人有不同的行為。我們對每個(gè)年齡組的態(tài)度形成了我們認(rèn)為該年齡組的年齡規(guī)范。

W：對不起，巴特勒醫(yī)生。在不同的文化中，這些年齡規(guī)范難道不會(huì)有所不同嗎？我的意思是，在一些文化中，40歲的人被認(rèn)為是老年人，但在其他文化中，四十歲的人仍然有點(diǎn)年輕。

M：不同的文化對“老年人”和“年輕人”的定義可能不同，但每種文化都有一套態(tài)度——老年人的年齡規(guī)范和年輕人的不同態(tài)度。例如，無論文化如何定義什么年齡是“老年人”，老年人都可能被視為比年輕人有更多或更少的地位

成年早期是指從18歲到40歲的時(shí)期。成年早期是指獲得比生命中任何其他時(shí)期都多的新社會(huì)角色。第一個(gè)新角色通常是獨(dú)立的成年期，因?yàn)槟贻p人離開了家。另一個(gè)新角色是工人，因?yàn)槟贻p人開始了職業(yè)生涯。年輕人也獲得了配偶的角色，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)初婚都發(fā)生在成年早期。一個(gè)重要的新角色是家長。北美80%以上的成年人最終會(huì)成為父母，通常在二三十歲左右。

成年的第二階段，即成年中期，大約是從40歲到65歲。在成年中期，同樣的社會(huì)角色仍然存在——配偶、父母、工人，但與成年早期相比，他們的要求更低，限制更少。增加了一些新的角色，比如祖父母，或者照顧我們年邁的父母。這就是“三明治一代”，因?yàn)槌赡曛衅诘娜吮粖A在孩子的需求和年邁父母的需求之間。

成年晚期從65歲開始。成年晚期通常以社會(huì)角色數(shù)量下降為標(biāo)志。工人的角色在退休時(shí)被解除。年長的成年人仍然是父母，但現(xiàn)在這個(gè)角色的職責(zé)減少了。對許多人來說，配偶的角色被賦予了守寡的角色。對

W：到目前為止，你一直在談?wù)撚泻⒆拥娜恕Ｄ切]有孩子的人呢？

M：沒有孩子的成年人不會(huì)經(jīng)歷伴隨孩子發(fā)展而來的角色變化，但他們的經(jīng)歷在其他方面沒有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性的差異。他們遵循成年的基本模式。我的意思是，他們在成年早期增加新的角色，在成年中期改變角色，并在成年晚期擺脫角色。

三、Changes in Adulthood托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What aspect of adulthood does the professor mainly discuss?

A.Biological changes related to the aging process

B.Changes in roles and responsibilities during adulthood

C.Differences between childhood and adulthood

D.Cultural differences in attitudes toward older adults

Q2:2.Why does the professor discuss the“biological clock”?

A.To review a term before the next test

B.To compare different types of clocks

C.To amuse students with a personal story

D.To respond to a student’s question

Q3:3.Why does the professor say this:

A.To explain the concept of age norms

B.To show that 20-year-olds have the most fun

C.To describe cultural differences in aging

D.To complain about abnormal behavior

Q4:4.What does the professor imply about age norms?

A.Age norms for a 40-year-old are the same in every culture.

B.An adult’s status may be determined by age norms.

C.It is young adults who define their society’s age norms.

D.Psychologists cannot explain why age norms exist.

Q5:6.What does the professor say about people who do not have children?

A.They tend to become independent adults at a very young age.

B.They follow the same basic stages of adulthood as other people.

C.They do not have any social roles after they retire from work.

D.They do not enjoy life as much as people with children do.

四、Changes in Adulthood托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：D

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：B

A5:正確答案：B

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