劍橋雅思7test1passage2閱讀原文翻譯

劍橋雅思7test1passage2閱讀為making every drop count高效利用水資源，下面是原文的每一段翻譯，想要了解的小伙伴趕緊隨我往下了解吧。

劍橋雅思7test1passage2閱讀原文翻譯

段落1

The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources.As towns gradually expanded,water was brought from increasingly remote sources,leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts.At the height of the Roman Empire,nine major systems,with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers,supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.

人類的歷史與我們學(xué)習(xí)利用水資源的歷史交織在一起。隨著城鎮(zhèn)的逐漸擴(kuò)展，水源越來越遠(yuǎn)，帶來了諸如水壩和水渠之類的復(fù)雜工程。在羅馬帝國的鼎盛時期，創(chuàng)新的管道布局和精心設(shè)計的下水道構(gòu)成的九大系統(tǒng)，為羅馬的居民提供了與當(dāng)今工業(yè)世界許多地方一樣多的人均水量。

段落2

During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries,the demand for water rose dramatically.Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods,protect clean water supplies,and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people.Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40%of the world’s food.Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.

19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)工業(yè)革命和人口爆炸期間，水的需求量急劇上升。為了控制洪水，保護(hù)清潔水源以及為灌溉和水力發(fā)電供水，數(shù)以萬計的大型工程項目被建設(shè)起來，為數(shù)億人民帶來了巨大的利益。糧食生產(chǎn)與人口增長保持同步，這主要是因為人工灌溉系統(tǒng)的擴(kuò)大使世界上40%的糧食增長成為可能。全世界發(fā)電量中有將近五分之一是水力推動的渦輪產(chǎn)生的。

段落3

Yet there is a dark side to this picture:despite our progress,half of the world’s population still suffers,with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001,more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services.Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day,and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.

然而，事實也有陰暗的一面：盡管我們?nèi)〉昧诉M(jìn)步，但世界上一半的人口仍在遭受苦難，其供水服務(wù)不及古希臘人和羅馬人。正如2001年11月聯(lián)合國用水報告所重申的那樣，超過10億人無法獲得清潔的飲用水，約有25億人沒有適當(dāng)?shù)男l(wèi)生服務(wù)?？深A(yù)防的與水有關(guān)的疾病估計每天導(dǎo)致10,000至20,000名兒童喪生。而最新證據(jù)表明，我們在解決這些問題所做的努力方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。

段落4

The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes–often with little warning or compensation–to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.More than 20%of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive.Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity.Groundwater aquifers*are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India,China,the USA and elsewhere.And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local,national and even international tensions.

我們水資源政策的后果不僅僅危害人類健康。數(shù)以千萬計的人被迫離開家園-往往沒有任何警告或補(bǔ)償-為水壩后面的水庫騰出地方。由于水壩和取水破壞了自由流動的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，超過20%的淡水魚受到威脅或瀕臨滅絕。某些灌溉操作會降低土壤質(zhì)量并降低農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力。在印度，中國，美國和其他地區(qū)，地下水的下降速度比自然補(bǔ)給的速度快。關(guān)于共享水資源的爭端導(dǎo)致沖突，并繼續(xù)加劇當(dāng)?shù)?，國家乃至國際的緊張局勢。

段落5

At the outset of the new millennium,however,the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change.The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority–ensuring‘some for all,’instead of‘more for some’.Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities,which is increasingly considered the option of last,not first,resort.This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted,and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations.Nevertheless,it may be the only way to address successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink,adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.

然而，在新千年開始之際，資源規(guī)劃者關(guān)于水的想法正在發(fā)生改變。重點(diǎn)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到將滿足基本的人類和環(huán)境需求作為頭等大事-確?！叭袼小保皇恰耙恍┤烁唷薄，F(xiàn)在，一些水務(wù)專家要求以更智能的方式使用現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，而不是建造新設(shè)施。新設(shè)施越來越被認(rèn)為是最后的選擇，而不是第一選擇。這種哲學(xué)上的轉(zhuǎn)變尚未得到普遍接受，并且受到一些知名水務(wù)組織的強(qiáng)烈反對。然而，這可能是成功解決緊迫問題的方法，以便為每個人提供清潔的飲用水，充足的水來種植食物以及遠(yuǎn)離可預(yù)防的水資源相關(guān)疾病的生活。

段落6

Fortunately–and unexpectedly–the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.As a result,the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades.Although population,industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations,the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers,rivers and lakes has slowed.And in a few parts of the world,demand has actually fallen.

幸運(yùn)并且出乎意料的是，對水的需求并未像某些人預(yù)測的那樣迅速增長。結(jié)果在過去的二十年中，對建設(shè)新的水力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的壓力有所消失。盡管發(fā)達(dá)國家的人口，工業(yè)產(chǎn)出和經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)效率繼續(xù)飛速增長，但人們從蓄水層，河流和湖泊中取水的速度卻有所放緩。在世界某系地區(qū)，需求實際上已經(jīng)下降了。

段落7

What explains this remarkable turn of events?Two factors:people have figured out how to use water more efficiently,and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use.Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century,the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average;in the USA,water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled.But since 1980,the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased,thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry.In 1965,for instance,Japan used approximately 13 million gallons*of water to produce$1 million of commercial output;by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons(even accounting for inflation)–almost a quadrupling of water productivity.In the USA,water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20%from their peak in 1980.

兩個因素可以解釋這種非同尋常的事件變化：人們已經(jīng)弄清楚如何更有效率地利用水，而社區(qū)也在重新考慮其用水的優(yōu)先級。在20世紀(jì)的前四分之三，人均淡水消耗量平均增加了一倍。在美國，取水量增加了十倍，而人口增加了四倍。但是自1980年以來，由于一系列有助于節(jié)省家庭和工業(yè)用水的新技術(shù)，人均用水量實際上有所減少。例如，在1965年，日本使用大約1300萬加侖的水來換取100萬美元的商業(yè)產(chǎn)出。到了1989年，該數(shù)字下降到350萬加侖(甚至計入通貨膨脹)-水的生產(chǎn)效率幾乎提升了四倍。在美國，取水量比1980年的峰值下降了20%以上。

段落8

On the other hand,dams,aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built,particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met.But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past.And even in regions where new projects seem warranted,we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources,respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.

另一方面，仍然必須建造水壩，水渠和其他各類基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，特別是在發(fā)展中國家。那里人們的基本需求還沒有得到滿足。但是，與過去相比，此類項目必須按照更高的規(guī)格進(jìn)行建設(shè)，并對當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窦捌洵h(huán)境承擔(dān)更多責(zé)任。即使在似乎有必要進(jìn)行新項目的地區(qū)，我們也必須找到相應(yīng)的方法，以更少的資源滿足需求，尊重生態(tài)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并降低預(yù)算。

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