劍橋雅思6Test2閱讀Passage3答案解析 Numeration

劍橋雅思6Test2閱讀Passage3答案解析 Numeration 人類計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展史

第1自然段

One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.

幼兒首先展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的偉大的智力特長(zhǎng)之一是學(xué)習(xí)如何說(shuō)話，緊接著是學(xué)習(xí)如何計(jì)數(shù)。從童年早期開始，我們就與我們的計(jì)數(shù)體系緊密相連，以至于思考尚未開發(fā)出這種工具的早期人類所面臨的問(wèn)題需要極大的想象力。認(rèn)真考慮我們的計(jì)數(shù)體系會(huì)導(dǎo)致這樣一種信念，那就是它不是人類固有的便利，而是人類偉大而卓越的成就之一。

第2自然段

It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.

要了解引發(fā)我們發(fā)展數(shù)字概念的事件的順序是不可能的。即使是最文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思早的部落，也都有其計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)，即使不先進(jìn)，也足以完成他們必須執(zhí)行的任務(wù)。我們的祖先很少使用實(shí)際數(shù)字。例如，當(dāng)他們進(jìn)行食物收集時(shí)，他們會(huì)更多的考慮這是否足夠，而不是多少。但是，當(dāng)早期人類開始反思周圍事物的本質(zhì)時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們需要數(shù)字的概念以保持思想的井然有序。隨著他們開始定居，種植植物和放養(yǎng)牲畜，對(duì)復(fù)雜數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的需求變得至關(guān)重要。這種計(jì)數(shù)能力的發(fā)展方式和時(shí)間都是未知的。但是可以肯定的是，甚至在人類形成半永久性定居點(diǎn)的之前，計(jì)數(shù)就已經(jīng)很好地發(fā)展了。

第3自然段

Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.

很容易找到算術(shù)和計(jì)數(shù)早期階段的證據(jù)。塔斯馬尼亞州的土著人民只會(huì)數(shù)一，二，多；而南非的土著人民則可以數(shù)一，二，二和一，兩個(gè)二，兩個(gè)二和一，依此類推。但是在實(shí)際情況下，數(shù)字和詞匯經(jīng)常伴隨著手勢(shì)，以幫助解決困惑。例如，當(dāng)使用“一，二，多”系統(tǒng)時(shí)，“多”這個(gè)詞匯意味著，看我的手，看看我給你看了多少根手指。這種基本方法可以表達(dá)的數(shù)字范圍有限。但是在處理人類存在的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題時(shí)，它通常就夠用了。

第4自然段

The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!

某些文化缺乏處理大數(shù)字的能力并不令人感到意外。當(dāng)將歐洲語(yǔ)言追溯到早期版本時(shí)，其數(shù)字方面的單詞和表達(dá)就很差。古代的哥特語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達(dá)十的單詞是tachund，而數(shù)字100則被表達(dá)為tachund tachund。到了七世紀(jì)，teon一詞已與盎格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)言中的tachund或hund互換使用，因此100被表示為hund teontig，或十乘十。歐洲七世紀(jì)的普通人對(duì)數(shù)字的熟悉程度不如今天。實(shí)際上，要想在法庭上取得證人資格，一個(gè)人必須能夠數(shù)到九才行！

第5自然段

Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.

數(shù)字意識(shí)形成的最基本步驟也許不是計(jì)數(shù)能力，而是要意識(shí)到數(shù)字實(shí)際上是一種抽象概念，而不是一組特定物品的附屬物。最早的人類應(yīng)該知道四只鳥與兩只鳥有區(qū)別。但是，將與四個(gè)鳥相連的數(shù)字4和與四個(gè)巖石相連的數(shù)字4關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)并不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的步驟。將數(shù)字作為特定物品的一種特質(zhì)極大地阻礙了真正數(shù)字觀念的發(fā)展。當(dāng)數(shù)字4可以在大腦中被記憶為一個(gè)特定的單詞，而與被引用的物品無(wú)關(guān)時(shí)，那么這個(gè)人就可以朝著數(shù)字符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展邁出第一步，并從那里走向算術(shù)。

第6自然段

Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.今天，在幾種活著的語(yǔ)言中可以看到計(jì)算發(fā)展初期的痕跡。不列顛哥倫比亞省的Tsimshian語(yǔ)言計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)包含七組不同的數(shù)字單詞，這些數(shù)字根據(jù)要計(jì)數(shù)的物品的類別不同而不同：扁平物體和動(dòng)物，圓形物體和時(shí)間，人，長(zhǎng)物體和樹木，獨(dú)木舟，度量以及在沒(méi)有對(duì)特定對(duì)象進(jìn)行編號(hào)時(shí)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。最后一種似乎是后來(lái)的發(fā)展，而前六個(gè)組則展現(xiàn)了古老體統(tǒng)的殘留。數(shù)字名稱的這種多樣性還可以在某些廣泛使用的語(yǔ)言（例如日語(yǔ)）中找到。

第7自然段

Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.

計(jì)數(shù)能力的發(fā)展與數(shù)字概念的發(fā)展混雜在一起。計(jì)數(shù)與數(shù)字概念的形成沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系，因?yàn)榭梢酝ㄟ^(guò)將要計(jì)數(shù)的物品與一組小卵石，玉米粒或數(shù)數(shù)人的手指相匹配來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。這些輔助工具對(duì)于非常早期的人們來(lái)說(shuō)是必不可少的，他們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果沒(méi)有某種形式的機(jī)械輔助，該過(guò)程是不可能的。盡管這些輔助工具有所不同，但由于它們的方便性，即使是當(dāng)今社會(huì)上受過(guò)良好教育的人也仍然在使用。所有的計(jì)數(shù)最終都涉及到對(duì)被計(jì)數(shù)物品以外的事物的引用。起初它可能是谷物或小卵石，但是現(xiàn)在它是一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)數(shù)字名稱的，可供記憶的單詞序列。

第27題答案：B

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第2段：As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount.

答案解析：根據(jù)題干中developed與sophisticated的替換定位到第2段的這一句，原文翻譯過(guò)來(lái)是：隨著人類開始定居、種植植物和放養(yǎng)牲畜，對(duì)復(fù)雜數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的需求變得無(wú)比重要。這與B選項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思幾乎一直，因此確定答案為B

第28題答案：E

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第3段：But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion … This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express

答案解析：根據(jù)中hand signal與gestures的同義替換定位到第3段額這句話。之所以出現(xiàn)需要使用手勢(shì)的原因還是由于能夠使用的數(shù)字范圍有限（本段開頭的舉例和最后一句的總結(jié)），因此確定E為正確答案。

第29題答案：A

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第4段：The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!

答案解析：根據(jù)seventh-century Europe定位到第4段的這句話。原文中提到“要取得法庭上的證人資格，一個(gè)人必須得能數(shù)到9才行”，對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)中fulfil a civic role，由此確定答案。

第30題答案：C

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第5段：When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.

答案解析：根據(jù)題干中“數(shù)字作為實(shí)際物體外的抽象概念”這一含義定位到第5段。段末提到從這里走向代數(shù)。因此確定C為正確答案。

第31題答案：G

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第6段：Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today…seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted

答案解析：根據(jù)題干中“物品類別不同，數(shù)字表達(dá)不同”的含義定位到第6段。這一段開頭提到這是早期數(shù)字發(fā)展的殘留。very first stages與early對(duì)應(yīng)，由此確定G為答案。

第32題答案：TRUE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第2段：Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many?

答案解析：原文中提到我們的祖先在思考的時(shí)候會(huì)更加關(guān)注這是否足夠，而不是有多少。其中enough, rather than, how many分別與題文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思干中sufficiency, more important和quantity對(duì)應(yīng)。即題干中的所有信息點(diǎn)在原文中都有出現(xiàn)，由此判斷為TRUE。

第33題答案：FALSE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第3段：The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many

答案解析：文中提到塔斯馬尼亞的土著人可以數(shù)一、二和多，也就是只有三個(gè)詞，而非題干上說(shuō)的四個(gè)詞，因此判斷為FALSE

第34題答案：TRUE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第3段：But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.

答案解析：原文中提到，數(shù)字和詞匯通常伴隨手勢(shì)也幫助解決疑惑。題干中的simple number systems對(duì)應(yīng)之前的背景，body language對(duì)應(yīng)gestures，resolve any confusion對(duì)應(yīng)prevent misunderstanding，即所有主要信息點(diǎn)都可以在原文中找到依據(jù)，由此確定答案為TRUE。

第35題答案：FALSE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第4段：The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising.

答案解析：原文句子的含義為：一些文明缺乏處理大數(shù)字的能力不足為奇。即不是所有文明都能夠處理大數(shù)字。這與題干中的all cultures相反，因此判斷為FALSE。

第36題答案：NOT GIVEN

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第4段：By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten.

答案解析：根據(jù)Anglo-Saxon定位到這句話，但原文一直在討論一百的表達(dá)，并沒(méi)有提及“千”怎么說(shuō)，因此判斷為NOT GIVEN

第37題答案：TRUE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第4段：The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!

答案解析：原文中先提到7世紀(jì)的歐洲人不像我們現(xiàn)在這樣熟悉數(shù)字，又說(shuō)只要能數(shù)到9就可以在法庭上做證人?？梢?jiàn)那時(shí)的人們數(shù)數(shù)能力不強(qiáng)，因此判斷為TRUE

第38題答案：FALSE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第6段：seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes…

答案解析：塔斯馬尼亞語(yǔ)言使用七組不同的數(shù)字單詞來(lái)表達(dá)不同的物品類別，其中長(zhǎng)物體（long objects）和獨(dú)木舟（canoes）并不是一組，數(shù)字單詞不同，因此判斷為FALSE

第39題答案：TRUE

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第6段：It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system.

答案解析：這句話的意思為“似乎最后一種是后來(lái)的發(fā)展成果，而前六組則是古老體系的殘留”，即塔斯馬尼亞語(yǔ)言中即包含新的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)，也包含舊的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)，因此判斷為TRUE。

第40題答案：NOT GIVEN

對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第7段：it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers.

答案解析：原文中只提到用小卵石和手指輔助計(jì)數(shù)，并沒(méi)有比較兩者中哪種更為簡(jiǎn)單或者復(fù)雜，因此判斷為NOT GIVEN。

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