劍橋雅思8test1passage3閱讀原文翻譯

劍橋雅思8test1passage3這篇閱讀主要介紹的是心靈感性的實驗，文章一共有8段，下面則是每一段的翻譯，現(xiàn)在一起隨我來了解吧。

劍橋雅思8test1passage3閱讀原文翻譯

Telepathy心靈感應(yīng)

引言

Can human beings communicate by thought alone?For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community,and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academics.

人類可以單獨通過思想交流嗎？一個多世紀(jì)以來，心靈感應(yīng)問題一直困擾著科學(xué)界。直到今天，它仍然引發(fā)頂級學(xué)者之間的激烈爭論。

第1段

Since the 1970s,parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies.The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.

自20世紀(jì)70年代以來，全球領(lǐng)先大學(xué)和研究機構(gòu)的超心理學(xué)家冒著受懷疑論者嘲笑的風(fēng)險，在數(shù)十項嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)研究中對心靈感應(yīng)進行測試。實驗結(jié)果和它們的含義甚至使發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的研究人員也產(chǎn)生分歧。

第2段

Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine.Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse,having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed.Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue,however:that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called‘ganzfeld’experiments,a German term that means‘whole field’.Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve‘signals’passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity.In this case,such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-like tranquillity in a relaxing‘whole field’of light,sound and warmth.

一些研究人員認為，這些結(jié)果構(gòu)成了令人信服的證據(jù)，證明心靈感應(yīng)是真實的。其他超心理學(xué)家認為，該領(lǐng)域正處于崩潰的邊緣。他們試圖提供確切的科學(xué)證據(jù)，但失敗了。然而，持懷疑態(tài)度的人和擁護者們在一個問題上的確是一致的：到目前為止，最令人印象深刻的證據(jù)來自所謂的“ganzfeld”實驗。這是德語術(shù)語，意為“整個領(lǐng)域”。人們在冥想過程中對心靈感應(yīng)經(jīng)歷的報道使超心理學(xué)家懷疑心靈感應(yīng)可能牽涉到人與人之間的“信號”傳遞。這些信號如此微弱，以至于它們通常被正常的大腦活動所淹沒。在這種情況下，那些在輕松、美好和溫暖的“整個領(lǐng)域”中體驗冥想般的寧靜的人可能更容易檢測到此類信號。

第3段

The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room,listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light.In early ganzfeld experiments,the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank.The idea was that a person acting as a‘sender’would attempt to beam the image over to the‘receiver’relaxing in the sealed room.Once the session was over,this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used.Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent;if telepathy is real,however,the hit-rate would be higher.In 1982,the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers,the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton.They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent–a small effect,but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.

ganzfeld實驗試圖通過讓參與者在密封的房間里坐在柔軟的躺椅上，聆聽放松的聲音，用特殊的濾光片遮蓋眼睛，只感受柔和的粉紅色光線來重現(xiàn)這些條件。在早期的ganzfeld實驗中，心靈感應(yīng)測試涉及識別從大圖像庫中隨機選取的四張圖片中的圖像。其想法是，一個充當(dāng)“發(fā)送者”的人會試圖將圖像傳送到在密封房間內(nèi)放松的“接收者”。傳輸結(jié)束后，此人被要求確定使用了四個圖像中的哪個。隨機猜測的命中率為25％；然而如果心靈感應(yīng)是真實的，那么命中率就會更高。1982年，第一批ganzfeld研究的結(jié)果由美國超心理學(xué)家查爾斯·霍頓（Charles Honorton），該領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)者之一，進行了分析。他們指出典型的命中率要高于30％。雖然影響很小，但統(tǒng)計測試表明，不能僅僅將其歸為偶然。

第4段

The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy.But there was a crucial flaw in this argument–one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science.Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist;there were many other ways of getting positive results.These ranged from‘sensory leakage’–where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver–to outright fraud.In response,the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence.However,they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results,and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.

這意味著ganzfeld方法揭示了心靈感應(yīng)存在的真實證據(jù)。但是這一論點存在一個在更為傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常被忽視的關(guān)鍵缺陷。僅僅排除偶然性因素，并不能證明心靈感應(yīng)一定存在。還有很多其他方法可以取得積極的結(jié)果。它們從“感官泄漏”（有關(guān)圖片的線索意外到達接收者）到徹底的欺詐。作為回應(yīng)，研究人員發(fā)表了對1985年以前所做的所有g(shù)anzfeld研究的回顧，以顯示80％的人發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有統(tǒng)計意義的證據(jù)。但是，他們也同意實驗中仍然存在太多問題。這些問題可能會導(dǎo)致積極的結(jié)果。他們草擬了一份清單，要求為未來的研究制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

第5段

After this,many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests–an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images.By minimising human involvement,the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results.In 1987,results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a‘meta-analysis’,a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies.Though less compelling than before,the outcome was still impressive.

此后，許多研究人員轉(zhuǎn)而使用autoganzfeld測試-該技術(shù)的一種自動化變體。它使用計算機進行許多關(guān)鍵任務(wù)，例如圖像的隨機選擇。其想法是通過減少人類的參與來降低產(chǎn)生錯誤結(jié)果的風(fēng)險。1987年，Hontonon使用“元分析”（一種統(tǒng)計技術(shù)，可從一組研究中找到整體結(jié)果）研究了數(shù)百種autoganzfeld測試的結(jié)果。盡管它們沒有以前那么引人注目，但仍然令人印象深刻。

第6段

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies.Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact:it takes large samples to detect small effects.If,as current results suggest,telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance,it’s unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people:the group is just not big enough.Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent.And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.

然而，一些超心理學(xué)家仍然對不同ganzfeld研究之間缺乏一致性感到不安。心靈感應(yīng)的辯護者指出，要求每項研究都得出令人印象深刻的證據(jù)忽略了一個基本的統(tǒng)計事實：需要大量樣本才能檢測出微小的影響。按照目前的實驗結(jié)果，如果心靈感應(yīng)的命中率僅僅因為偶然才勉強超過預(yù)期的25％，那么一項涉及約40人的典型ganzfeld研究不太可能發(fā)現(xiàn)這一差別：研究群體不夠大。只有在“元分析”中結(jié)合了許多研究后，微弱的心靈感應(yīng)標(biāo)志才會真正顯現(xiàn)出來。這就是研究人員似乎正在發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西。

第7段

What they are certainly not finding,however,is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists:most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy.The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.

但是，他們肯定沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)主流科學(xué)家的態(tài)度有任何變化：大多數(shù)人仍然完全拒絕心靈感應(yīng)的想法。該問題至少部分是由于心靈感應(yīng)缺乏任何合理的機制。

第8段

Various theories have been put forward,many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics.They include‘quantum entanglement’,in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group,no matter how far apart they may be.While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms,no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds.Answering such questions would transform parapsychology.This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy,but in probing possible mechanisms.Some work has begun already,with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials.Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average:in one study at the University of Edinburgh,musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent.Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.

各種各樣的理論被提了出來。其中許多集中于理論物理學(xué)中的神秘思想。它們包括“量子糾纏”，即影響一組原子的事件會立即影響另一組原子，無論它們相距多遠。盡管物理學(xué)家已經(jīng)證明特殊制備的原子存在糾纏，但沒人知道它是否也存在于組成人類思想的原子之間。回答這些問題將改變超心理學(xué)。這促使一些研究人員認為，未來不在于收集心靈感應(yīng)的更多證據(jù)，而在于探索可能的機制。一些工作已經(jīng)開始，研究人員試圖找出在autoganzfeld試驗中特別成功的人。早期的結(jié)果表明，富有創(chuàng)造力和藝術(shù)才能的人的表現(xiàn)要比平均水平要好得多：在愛丁堡大學(xué)的一項研究中，音樂家的命中率達到了56％。也許更多類似的測試最終將為研究人員提供他們正在尋找的證據(jù)，并增強了心靈感應(yīng)的存在的理由。

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