托福閱讀真題Official 52 Passage 2（二）

托福閱讀真題Official 52 Passage 2（二）

Natufian Culture

In the archaeological record of the Natufian period,from about 12,500 to 10,200 years ago,in the part of the Middle East known as the Levant―roughly east of the Mediterranean and north of the Arabian Peninsula―we see clear evidence of agricultural origins.The stone tools of the Natufians included many sickle-shaped cutting blades that show a pattern of wear characteristic of cereal harvesting.Also,querns(hand mills)and other stone tools used for processing grain occur in abundance at Natufian sites,and many such tools show signs of long,intensive use.Along with the sickle blades are many grinding stones,primarily mortars and pestles of limestone or basalt.There is also evidence that these heavy grinding stones were transported over long distances,more than 30 kilometers in some cases,and this is not something known to have been done by people of preceding periods.Fishhooks and weights for sinking fishing nets attest to the growing importance of fish in the diet in some areas.Stone vessels indicate an increased need for containers,but there is no evidence of Natufian clay working or pottery.Studies of the teeth of Natufians also strongly suggest that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them,but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.

The Natufians had a different settlement pattern from that of their predecessors.Some of their base camps were far larger(over 1,000 square meters)than any of those belonging to earlier periods,and they may have lived in some of these camps for half the year or even more.In some of the camps,people made foundations and other architectural elements out of limestone blocks.Trade in shell,obsidian,and other commodities seems to have been on the rise,and anthropologists suspect that the exchange of perishables(such as skins,foodstuffs)and salt was also on the increase.With the growing importance of wild cereals in the diet,salt probably became for the first time a near necessity:people who eat a lot of meat get many essential salts from this diet,but diets based on cereals can be deficient in salts.Salt was probably also important as a food preservative in early villages.

As always,there is more to a major cultural change than simply a shift in economics.The Natufians made(and presumably wore)beads and pendants in many materials,including gemstones and marine shells that had to be imported,and it is possible that this ornamentation actually reflects a growing sense of ethnic identity and perhaps some differences in personal and group status.Cleverly carved figurines of animals,women,and other subjects occur in many sites,and Natufian period cave paintings have been found in Anatolia,Syria,and Iran.More than 400 Natufian burials have been found,most of them simple graves set in house floors.As archaeologist Belfer-Cohen notes,these burials may reflect an ancestor cult and a growing sense of community emotional ties and attachment to a particular place,and toward the end of the Natufian period,people in this area were making a strict separation between living quarters and burial grounds.In contrast with the Pleistocene cultures of the Levant,Natufian culture appears to have experienced considerable social change.

The question of why the Natufians differed from their predecessors in these and other ways and why they made these first steps toward farming as a way of life remains unclear.There were climate changes,of course,and growing aridity and rising population densities may have forced them to intensify the exploitation of cereals,which in turn might have stimulated the development of sickles and other tools and the permanent communities that make agriculture efficient.But precisely how these factors interacted with others at play is poorly understood.

Question 3 of 14

The phrase"attest to"in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.symbolize

B.provide evidence of

C.are predictive of

D.coincide with

正確答案：B

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

選項(xiàng)分析：

原文說“用于使?jié)O網(wǎng)下沉的魚鉤和砝碼attest to魚類在一些地區(qū)的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)中變得越來越重要”結(jié)合語境可以推知attest to的意思為“證實(shí)，證明”，對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)provide evidence of提供證據(jù)。

A選項(xiàng)：象征。

C選項(xiàng)：預(yù)測(cè)。

D選項(xiàng)：與……一致。

帶入原文均不符合語境。

Question 4 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Studies of the teeth of Natufians suggest the importance of cereals in their culture although they still hunted and foraged.

B.The Natufians specialized in collecting cereals and may have been in the process of domesticating certain animals.

C.Studies of the teeth of Natufians suggest that these people became hunter-foragers after they began domesticating cereals.

D.The Natufians’diet consisted mostly of cereals and lacked sufficient meat.

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：簡(jiǎn)化句子題

原文分析：簡(jiǎn)化題考察找主干和邏輯的能力，注意原文的邏輯詞but，原文提煉的核心內(nèi)容是Studies of the teeth of Natufians also strongly suggest that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them,but they were also still hunter-foragers再提煉漢語意思：“納圖夫人收集，種植并且馴化谷物，但是他們同樣也是狩獵者”。

選項(xiàng)分析：

先看重點(diǎn)，A選項(xiàng)整句都是重點(diǎn)，即有轉(zhuǎn)折后內(nèi)容，“雖然納圖夫人還是會(huì)以捕獵為生，但是谷物在他們的文化中很重要”，主干和原文提煉重點(diǎn)語義和邏輯完全一樣。

B選項(xiàng)domesticating certain animals意思為“馴化某些動(dòng)物”，與原句不符，原文說馴化谷物。

C選項(xiàng)these people became hunter-foragers after they began domesticating cereals意思為“納圖夫人在馴化谷物之后，才開始成為狩獵者”，與原文不符，原文說納圖夫人在馴化谷物之前就一直是狩獵者。

D選項(xiàng)lacked sufficient meat意思為“缺少足夠的肉”，原文未提及。

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