Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力原文翻譯及問(wèn)題答案

一、Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.The professor is discussing ethnography.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Since ethnography is all about the descriptive study of an individual culture,film has proved to have great value as a tool for anthropologists in their research.Let's look at a particularly effective approach to ethnographic filmmaking,which was developed in the 1970s.This particular style of ethnographic filmmaking is called the community-determined approach.The intent of the community-determined approach is to achieve a kind of,um,shared authorship.See,in this approach,the goals of the project and how the information will be used are discussed ahead of time,and so a culture…a community is not just the focus of the film,they are,actually,equal participants in the whole ethnographic process.In this way the film revolves around the actual values and concerns of the individuals in the community,and it honors an individual’s ethical right to control how he or she is presented in the media.Several of these films were made in Alaskan communities in the 1970s….

MALE STUDENT:So,how does it work,you know,the community-determined part?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,it takes a lot of preparation.First,way before filming begins,the filmmakers visit the community and meet with the village council,who are the decision makers of the community.A film,if available,is shown to the village council,so that they get an idea of the experience of another community.After the meeting,the filmmakers leave and the village council is given all the time they need to think about what was discussed.Later,if the village council members are interested,they send a letter or call.

MALE STUDENT:There's no follow-up meeting?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Not unless they want one.See,this helps remove any pressure to say yes—the social pressure from the filmmaker's presence.

MALE STUDENT:So if they agree,then what?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Then the filmmakers start living in the community.See,another major point in the community determined approach….It’s very important that the filmmakers plan to stay in the community for an extended period of time.Not weeks,but months….And,really,there are several reasons for this:Any ideas?

FEMALE STUDENT:The filmmakers could get a more realistic sense of the pace of life in that community.Uh,its daily rhythm.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Correct.And it allows the filmmakers to shed some of their assumptions,so that they better interpret what they see.

FEMALE STUDENT:I bet it also takes the mystery out of the filmmaking process—you know,everyone has time to get used to the filmmakers and their equipment.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Exactly!Trust is established and relationships are built first.

FEMALE STUDENT:Wow,this seems like a long process.It must cost a fortune.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:It does.Even with a small film crew,any project as involved as this is bound to.

FEMALE STUDENT:OK,so who decides what goes into the film?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Well,such decisions are made by general consensus within the community.So,for instance,the community,not the filmmakers,decide who is to be interviewed for the films.Control of the interview is in the interviewee’s hands.If the person being interviewed says to stop at any time,the recording stops.He or she states where they wish to be filmed,and when and what topic they wish to speak about.The community members review the footage both midway and at the end of the filming,and if they want any scene deleted,it gets removed.That’s the level of respect...and regard for the interviewee’s preferences,and those of the community in general.

MALE STUDENT:So,then…what language is everything filmed in?

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Excellent question!Language is culture,isn’t it?So the native language,rather than a dubbed voice-over in the filmmaker’s language,is the primary language of the film.This way,a speaker’s emotions and manner of expression really come through,even if we don’t know their language.Subtitles are placed,in a secondary position,at the bottom of the screen.

MALE STUDENT:And the subtitles probably only give the gist of what’s actually being said….

FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yeah.A word-for-word translation could become too complicated…or it’d go by too fast on the screen.

二、Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力中文翻譯：

旁白：在人類學(xué)課上聽(tīng)一部分講座。教授正在討論民族志。

女教授：由于人種學(xué)是對(duì)個(gè)體文化的描述性研究，電影被證明是人類學(xué)家研究的重要工具。讓我們看看一種特別有效的民族志電影制作方法，它是在20世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的。這種特殊的民族志電影制作風(fēng)格被稱為社區(qū)決定的方法。社區(qū)決定方法的目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)一種共享的作者身份?？?，在這種方法中，項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)和信息的使用方式是提前討論的，因此文化……社區(qū)不僅僅是電影的焦點(diǎn)，他們實(shí)際上是整個(gè)人種學(xué)過(guò)程中的平等參與者。以這種方式，電影圍繞著社區(qū)中個(gè)人的實(shí)際價(jià)值觀和關(guān)注點(diǎn)，尊重個(gè)人控制其在媒體中的表現(xiàn)方式的道德權(quán)利。其中幾部電影是在20世紀(jì)70年代在阿拉斯加社區(qū)拍攝的…。

男學(xué)生：那么，你知道，社區(qū)決定部分是如何運(yùn)作的？

女教授：嗯，這需要很多準(zhǔn)備。首先，在拍攝開(kāi)始之前，電影制作人訪問(wèn)社區(qū)并與村議會(huì)會(huì)面，他們是社區(qū)的決策者。如果有電影，會(huì)向村議會(huì)放映，以便他們了解另一個(gè)社區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。會(huì)議結(jié)束后，電影制作人離開(kāi)，村委會(huì)有時(shí)間思考討論的內(nèi)容。之后，如果村議會(huì)成員感興趣，他們會(huì)寫(xiě)信或打電話。

男學(xué)生：沒(méi)有后續(xù)會(huì)議？

女教授：除非他們想要?？?，這有助于消除任何壓力，說(shuō)是的社會(huì)壓力，從電影制作人的存在。

男學(xué)生：如果他們同意，那又怎么樣？

女教授：然后電影制作人開(kāi)始在社區(qū)生活。看，社區(qū)決定方法的另一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是…。非常重要的是，電影制作人計(jì)劃在社區(qū)中呆很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。不是幾周，而是幾個(gè)月…。事實(shí)上，有幾個(gè)原因：有什么想法嗎？

女學(xué)生：電影制作人可以更真實(shí)地感受到這個(gè)社區(qū)的生活節(jié)奏。嗯，它的日常節(jié)奏。

女教授：對(duì)。它允許電影制作人擺脫一些假設(shè)，以便更好地解釋他們所看到的。

女學(xué)生：我打賭這也會(huì)讓電影制作過(guò)程變得神秘。你知道，每個(gè)人都有時(shí)間去適應(yīng)電影制作人和他們的設(shè)備。

女教授：沒(méi)錯(cuò)！建立信任，首先建立關(guān)系。

女學(xué)生：哇，這似乎是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。那一定花了一大筆錢(qián)。

女教授：是的。即使有一個(gè)小的攝制組，任何像這樣的項(xiàng)目都是不可避免的。

女學(xué)生：好的，那么誰(shuí)來(lái)決定電影的內(nèi)容？

女教授：嗯，這樣的決定是由社區(qū)內(nèi)的普遍共識(shí)做出的。因此，例如，由社區(qū)而不是電影制作人決定誰(shuí)將被采訪。面試的控制權(quán)掌握在被面試者手中。如果被采訪者說(shuō)隨時(shí)停止，錄音就會(huì)停止。他或她說(shuō)明他們希望拍攝的地點(diǎn)，以及他們希望談?wù)摰臅r(shí)間和主題。社區(qū)成員在拍攝過(guò)程中和拍攝結(jié)束時(shí)都會(huì)查看視頻，如果他們想刪除任何場(chǎng)景，就會(huì)將其刪除。這是尊重的程度…尊重受訪者的偏好，以及整個(gè)社區(qū)的偏好。

男學(xué)生：那么……所有的電影都是用什么語(yǔ)言拍攝的？

女教授：好問(wèn)題！語(yǔ)言就是文化，不是嗎？因此，母語(yǔ)，而不是電影制作人語(yǔ)言中的配音，是電影的主要語(yǔ)言。這樣，說(shuō)話者的情緒和表達(dá)方式才真正表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，即使我們不懂他們的語(yǔ)言。字幕位于屏幕底部的次要位置。

男學(xué)生：字幕可能只給出了實(shí)際所說(shuō)的要點(diǎn)…。

女教授：是的。逐字翻譯可能會(huì)變得太復(fù)雜…或者在屏幕上速度太快。

三、Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力問(wèn)題：

Q1:1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?

A.The effects of ethnographic films on the communities being studied.

B.The process of making a community-determined film.

C.The topics typically discussed in community-determined films.

D.The efforts of filmmakers to record in their own communities.

Q2:2.What is one way ethnographers try to gain a community's interest in participating in a film?

A.They visit regularly to discuss any concerns.

B.They send letters describing the purpose of the film.

C.They research the history of the community.

D.They show a film about another community.

Q3:3.What does the professor imply about the role of the village council members?

A.They decide whether or not a film will be made.

B.They make sure all community members appear in the film.

C.They prefer to do most of the interviewing themselves.

D.They are generally not involved in the filmmaking process.

Q4:4.According to the lecture,why do ethnographers live within the community they are filming?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.To teach filmmaking techniques to the community members.

B.To earn the trust of the community members.

C.To learn about daily life in the community.

D.To reduce the cost of travel to the community.

Q5:5.What does the professor imply about the interview process?

A.It is the most time-consuming part of the filmmaking project.

B.It results in the most interesting scenes in community-determined films.

C.It does not give the filmmakers enough control over the finished product.

D.It is to a large extent controlled by the community members.

Q6:6.What do the speakers suggest are two shortcomings of community-determined films?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.They are often expensive to produce.

B.They are too long for most audiences to enjoy.

C.They do not translate people's exact words.

D.They rarely contain all the scenes to community wants.

四、Community-determined Film托福聽(tīng)力答案：

A1:正確答案：B

A2:正確答案：D

A3:正確答案：A

A4:正確答案：BC

A5:正確答案：D

A6:正確答案：AC

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