托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 1（二）

托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 1（二）

From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates

One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish.

The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest to biologists studying tetrapod evolution.These fish lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals,indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods.If there were periods of drought,any adaptations allowing the fish to survive the dry conditions would have been advantageous.In these rhipidistians,several such adaptations existed.It is known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing.Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish.These differences suggest a saclike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung.Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish,but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted,such as during extended periods of drought.So,these fish had already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land:the ability to use air as a source of oxygen.

A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins.The fins were thick,fleshy,and quite sturdy,with a median axis of bone down the center.They could have been used as feeble locomotor devices on land,perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for survival.These fins eventually changed into short,stubby legs.The bones of the fins of a Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known tetrapods,the amphibians.It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no sense an anticipation of future life on land.These adaptations developed because they helped fish to survive in their existing aquatic environment.

What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures.Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas became progressively more restricted.Another impetus may have been new sources of food.The edges of ponds and streams surely had scattered dead fish and other water-dwelling creatures.In addition,plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds,and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community.Thus,by the Devonian the land habitat marginal to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could easily climb out of water.Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food;they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants.

How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat.Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes,they made only a partial transition;they were still quite tied to water.However,many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods.The ancestors of these animals already had a circulation system,and they were mobile,so that they could move to water to drink.Furthermore,they already had lungs,which rhipidistians presumably used for auxiliary breathing.The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins,the vertebral column,pelvic girdle,and pectoral girdle.

Question 3 of 14

The word“advantageous”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.beneficial

B.necessary

C.remarkable

D.common

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

題干分析：詞匯所在句子If there were periods of drought,any adaptations allowing the fish to survive the dry conditions would have been advantageous譯為“如果處在干旱期，任何能使魚類在干旱環(huán)境中存活下來的適應(yīng)性都是有利的”。advantageous意思為“有利的”。名詞形式：advantage意思為“好處，優(yōu)勢，益處”。

選項(xiàng)分析：

A選項(xiàng)beneficial有利的，正確。

B選項(xiàng)necessary必需的。

C選項(xiàng)remarkable顯著的。

D選項(xiàng)common普通的。

Question 4 of 14

In paragraph 2,why does the author include the information that mud inside rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils differed in consistency and texture depending on where the mud was located?

A.To provide evidence that rhipidistian crossopterygian lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas

B.To identify an effect of the oxidation of iron minerals on the evolution of rhipidistian crossopterygian

C.To help explain why scientists have concluded that rhipidistian crossopterygian probably had lungs

D.To explain why scientists decided to cut cross sections through some fossils of rhipidistian crossopterygian

正確答案：C

題目詳解

題型分類：修辭目的題

題干分析：題干問作者為何在文中寫某個信息，先利用該信息到原文定位，定位到第二段第七句。緊接著第八句說These differences suggest a saclike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung說明了作者要引出這些差別來說明肺在這類魚體內(nèi)的存在。本題考察句子之間的關(guān)系，these這類的指代詞起到關(guān)鍵作用，引出下一句是作者意圖所在。

選項(xiàng)分析：

C選項(xiàng)To help explain...probably had lungs符合作者要表達(dá)的意圖，對應(yīng)第八句的These differences suggest...can only be interpreted as a lung為了證明肺的存在。

A選項(xiàng)說為了證明rhipidistian crossopterygian生活的地方。無中生有。

B選項(xiàng)說為了說明鐵礦物的氧化在魚進(jìn)化中的作用。不是文中對應(yīng)的信息。

D選項(xiàng)說為了解釋為什么科學(xué)家要做橫切面。不是文中對應(yīng)的信息。

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