Ocean Biodiversity劍橋雅思11聽力-原文翻譯及答案解析

一、Ocean Biodiversity 聽力原文：

I've been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans.

About 20 years ago biologists developed the idea of what they called 'biodiversity hotspots'.

These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species, so one example is Madagascar.

These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation.

Biologists can identify hotspots on land, fairly easily, but until recently, very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans, and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.

Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species that he got from the fishing industry.

Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators like sharks, and looked at what they had in common.

The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentrations of food.

But to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots - the remaining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard.

But what he did find was that in all cases, the water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures, even when it was cool at greater depths, so this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators.

However, this wasn't enough on its own,  because he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in it - so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.

A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Ballance, who was working in California, also started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish - what she was interested in was marine mammals, things like seals.

And she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots, and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents, and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these species feed on.

So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible.

For example, there's an international project called the Census of Marine Life.

They've been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic.

One thing they found there which stunned other researchers was that there were large numbers of species which live below the ice - sometimes under a layer up to 20 metres thick.

Some of these species had never been seen before.

They've even found species of octopus living in these conditions.

And other scientists working on the same project, but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor, have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes, attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.

However, biologists still don't know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species.

So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land, so they consider things like the size of the population - how many members of one species there are in a particular place - and then they look at their distribution in geographical terms, although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish, because they're so mobile, and then thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.

So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000.

For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution.

Ultimately they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located but also where they are most threatened.

So finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world's oceans?

Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected.

We have some, but not enough.

In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles, which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast,  we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely.

As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species.

And finally, there's the problem of 'by-catch'.

This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats - they're returned to the sea, but they're often dead or dying.

If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective,  so that only the fish wanted for consumption were caught, this problem could be overcome.

OK.

So does anyone have any ...

二、Ocean Biodiversity 聽力中文翻譯：

我一直在研究海洋生物多樣性，即生活在世界海洋中的物種的多樣性。

大約20年前，生物學(xué)家提出了他們稱之為“生物多樣性熱點”的想法。

這些地區(qū)物種混合最多，馬達加斯加就是一個例子。

這些熱點非常重要，因為它們使我們能夠找到重點保護的關(guān)鍵區(qū)域。

生物學(xué)家可以很容易地確定陸地上的熱點，但直到最近，人們對海洋中的物種分布和多樣性知之甚少，甚至沒有人知道那里是否存在熱點。

2005年，一位名叫鮑里斯·沃姆的加拿大生物學(xué)家對他從漁業(yè)中獲得的海洋物種數(shù)據(jù)進行了一些研究。

沃姆為鯊魚等大型海洋食肉動物找到了五個熱點，并研究了它們的共同點。

他希望發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要問題是，他們的食物濃度非常高。

但令他驚訝的是，只有四個熱點是這樣的——剩下的熱點在這方面非常糟糕。

但他確實發(fā)現(xiàn)，在所有情況下，海洋表面的水溫都相對較高，即使在更深的地方溫度較低，因此這似乎是支持這些大型食肉動物多樣性的一個因素。

然而，這本身還不夠，因為他還發(fā)現(xiàn)水中需要有足夠的氧氣，所以這兩個因素似乎是支持這些大魚高代謝率所必需的。

幾年后，也就是2007年，一位在加利福尼亞州工作的名叫麗莎·巴倫斯的研究人員也開始尋找海洋熱點，但不是魚類——她感興趣的是海洋哺乳動物，比如海豹。

她在海洋中發(fā)現(xiàn)了三個熱點，這些熱點的共同點是，這些熱點都位于洋流之間的邊界，這似乎是一個有很多浮游生物的地方，其中一些物種以浮游生物為食。

因此，現(xiàn)在想要保護瀕危物種的人們需要獲得盡可能多的信息。

例如，有一個叫做海洋生物普查的國際項目。

他們一直在調(diào)查世界各地的海洋，包括北極。

他們在那里發(fā)現(xiàn)的一件事讓其他研究人員感到震驚，那就是有大量物種生活在冰下，有時生活在20米厚的冰層下。

其中一些物種以前從未見過。

他們甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)了生活在這種環(huán)境中的章魚物種。

和其他從事同一項目但研究海底不同棲息地的科學(xué)家一樣，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大量物種聚集在火山周圍，被那里的溫暖和營養(yǎng)所吸引。

然而，生物學(xué)家仍然不知道每個物種的生存威脅有多嚴重。

因此，一個名為“全球海洋物種評估”的機構(gòu)現(xiàn)在正在創(chuàng)建一份陸地上瀕危物種的名單，所以他們會考慮人口的大小——一個物種在某個特定的地方有多少成員——然后他們會從地理角度看它們的分布，盡管當(dāng)你看魚的時候，這是很困難的，因為它們是如此的流動，然后第三，他們計算物種衰退的速度。

到目前為止，只評估了1500種物種，但他們希望將這一數(shù)字增加到20000種。

對于他們評估的每一個物種，他們使用收集到的該物種的數(shù)據(jù)制作一張地圖，顯示其分布。

最終，他們將能夠利用這些信息不僅找出大多數(shù)物種的位置，而且找出它們最受威脅的位置。

那么最后，我們可以做些什么來保持世界海洋物種的多樣性呢？

首先，我們需要在我們的海洋中建立更多的保護區(qū)，這些地方是海洋物種受到保護的地方。

我們有一些，但還不夠。

此外，為了保護像棱皮龜這樣的物種，它們生活在公海，但在美國海岸有筑巢地，我們需要建立遷徙通道，以便它們能夠安全地從一個地區(qū)遷徙到另一個地區(qū)。

除此之外，還需要采取行動降低捕撈配額水平，以防止過度捕撈瀕危物種。

最后，還有“副漁獲物”的問題。

這指的是漁船捕獲不想要的魚——它們被送回大海，但它們經(jīng)常死亡或垂死。

如果這些商業(yè)漁船使用更具選擇性的設(shè)備，以便只捕獲需要消費的魚，那么這個問題就可以克服。

好啊

那么有沒有人。

三、Ocean Biodiversity 聽力問題：

Question 31-40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Ocean Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots

· areas containing many different species

· important for locating targets for

· at first only identified on land

Boris Worm, 2005

· identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks

· found that ocean hotspots:

- were not always rich in

- had higher temperatures at the

- had sufficient　　in the water

Lisa Ballance, 2007

· looked for hotspots for marine

· found these were all located where ocean currents meet

Census of Marine Life

· found new ocean species living:

- under the

- near volcanoes on the ocean floor

Global Marine Species Assessment

· want to list endangered ocean species, considering:

- population size

- geographical distribution

- rate of

· Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution　　for each one

Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity

· increase the number of ocean reserves

· establish　　corridors (e.g. for turtles)

· reduce fishing quotas

· catch fish only for the purpose of

四、Ocean Biodiversity 聽力答案：

31.conservation

32.food / foods

33.surface

34.oxygen / O2

35.mammals

36.ice

37.decline / declining / decrease

38.map

39.migration

40.consumption

五、Ocean Biodiversity 聽力答案解析

31.conservation。讀題時考生可以找到different species為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的locating targets for ___ ，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“注意的目標(biāo)是什么”。當(dāng)聽到mixture of species時判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation中的focusing efforts對應(yīng)的是題干中的targets，因此名詞conservation是答案。

32.food。讀題時考生可以找到ocean hotspots為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的not always rich in ___，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“……不是很多’。當(dāng)聽到hotspots時判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后he’d expected ...but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots中only true for four of the hotspots表示只有4個，是“很少”的含義，因此之前出現(xiàn)的名詞food就是答案。

33.surface?？忌吹筋}目呈現(xiàn)的higher temperatures at the ___，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“……的溫度很高”。錄音中可以聽到water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures，答案即是temperature。

34.oxygen?？忌吹筋}目呈現(xiàn)的had sufficient ___，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“有充足的……”。錄音中可以聽到the water needed to have enough oxygen in it，其中enough是sufficient的替換詞，答案即是oxygen。

35.mammals。讀題時考生可以找到Lisa Ballance, 2007為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的marine  ___，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“海洋的……”。在錄音中聽到定位詞后判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到what she was interested in was marine mammals。marine mammal意為“海洋哺乳動物”。

36.ice。讀題時考生可以找到Marine Life為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的under the ____，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“在……下方”。在錄音中聽到定位詞后判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到large number of species which live below the ice，其中below為under的替換詞。所以ice即是答案。

37.decline。讀題時考生可以找到geographical distribution為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的rate of ____，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“……的比率”。當(dāng)聽到distribution in geographical terms時判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening，即可判斷答案是decline。

38.map。讀題時考生可以找到20,000為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的distribution ____，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“分配……”。在錄音中聽到定位詞后判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到to produce a map showing its distribution. 即可判斷答案是map。distribution在錄音和題目中原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

39.migration。讀題時考生可以找到ocean reserves為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的establish ___ corridors，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“建立……通道”。在錄音中聽到more reserves in our oceans后判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到to create corridors for migration，即可判斷答案為migration。錄音中的create對應(yīng)題目中的establish；corridors在錄音和題目中原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

40.consumption。讀題時考生可以找到fishing quotas為定位詞，看到題目呈現(xiàn)的purpose for ____，即可預(yù)測空格需要填寫的信息為“用作……目的”。在錄音中聽到定位詞后判斷答案將要出現(xiàn)，之后聽到so that only the fishing wanted for consumption were caught，其中的wanted for即可表達“用作……目的”，對應(yīng)題目中的for the purpose of，答案即是consumption。

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