托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 1（四）

托福閱讀真題Official 44 Passage 1（四）

From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates

One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish.

The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest to biologists studying tetrapod evolution.These fish lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals,indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods.If there were periods of drought,any adaptations allowing the fish to survive the dry conditions would have been advantageous.In these rhipidistians,several such adaptations existed.It is known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing.Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish.These differences suggest a saclike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung.Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish,but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted,such as during extended periods of drought.So,these fish had already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land:the ability to use air as a source of oxygen.

A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins.The fins were thick,fleshy,and quite sturdy,with a median axis of bone down the center.They could have been used as feeble locomotor devices on land,perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for survival.These fins eventually changed into short,stubby legs.The bones of the fins of a Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known tetrapods,the amphibians.It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no sense an anticipation of future life on land.These adaptations developed because they helped fish to survive in their existing aquatic environment.

What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures.Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas became progressively more restricted.Another impetus may have been new sources of food.The edges of ponds and streams surely had scattered dead fish and other water-dwelling creatures.In addition,plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds,and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community.Thus,by the Devonian the land habitat marginal to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could easily climb out of water.Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food;they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants.

How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat.Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes,they made only a partial transition;they were still quite tied to water.However,many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods.The ancestors of these animals already had a circulation system,and they were mobile,so that they could move to water to drink.Furthermore,they already had lungs,which rhipidistians presumably used for auxiliary breathing.The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins,the vertebral column,pelvic girdle,and pectoral girdle.

Question 7 of 14

The word“adjacent”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.nearby

B.available

C.temporary

D.fresh

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

題干分析：詞匯所在句子They could have been used as feeble locomotor devices on land,perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for survival譯為“它們可以被用作一種陸上移動裝備，或許能使魚從將近干涸的池塘跳到鄰近的有充足水源和氧氣的池塘中去存活”，adjacent意思為“鄰近的”。

選項(xiàng)分析：

A選項(xiàng)nearby鄰近的。

B選項(xiàng)available可利用的，可獲得的。

C選項(xiàng)temporary暫時(shí)的。

D選項(xiàng)fresh新鮮的。

Question 8 of 14

The word“progressively”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.increasingly

B.noticeably

C.occasionally

D.rapidly

正確答案：A

題目詳解

題型分類：詞匯題

題干分析：詞匯所在句子Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas became progressively more restricted譯為“如果淡水區(qū)域變得越來越有限，那么泥盆紀(jì)時(shí)期的氣候變化可能與此有關(guān)”。progressively意思為“日益增加地”。其他常見形式：名詞progress意思為“進(jìn)步，進(jìn)展”，形容詞progressive意思為“有進(jìn)步的，有進(jìn)展的”。

選項(xiàng)分析：

A選項(xiàng)increasingly越來越……地，日益增加地。

B選項(xiàng)noticeably顯著地。

C選項(xiàng)occasionally偶爾地，偶然地。

D選項(xiàng)rapidly快速地。

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