劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯（1）

劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯（1） 關(guān)于這個問題下面小編就來為各個考生解答下。

劍橋雅思13Test2閱讀passage2真題+翻譯

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

How baby talk gives infant brains a boost

Oxytocin

催產(chǎn)素

The positive and negative effects of the chemical known as the ‘love hormone’

“愛之荷爾蒙”的積極與消極影響

Oxytocin is a chemical, a hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the brain. It was through various studies focusing on animals that scientists first became aware of the influence of oxytocin. They discovered that it helps reinforce the bonds between prairie voles, which mate for life, and triggers the motherly behaviour that sheep show towards their newborn lambs. It is also released by women in childbirth, strengthening the attachment between mother and baby. Few chemicals have as positive a reputation as oxytocin, which is sometimes referred to as the(love hormone’. One sniff of it can, it is claimed, make a person more trusting,empathetic, generous and cooperative. It is time, however, to revise this wholly optimistic view. A new wave of studies has shown that its effects vary greatly depending on the person and the circumstances, and it can impact on our social interactions for worse as well as for better.

A 催產(chǎn)素是一種化學(xué)物質(zhì),一種源自大腦腦垂體分泌的荷爾蒙。早期的科學(xué)家還是通過各種動物實(shí)驗(yàn)才了解到催產(chǎn)素的作用。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)催產(chǎn)素能夠增強(qiáng)草原田鼠一種終身伴侶制的動物)之間的聯(lián)系,也能夠激發(fā)山羊?qū)λ鼈兂跎⊙虻哪感浴Ｅ栽谠衅谝矔尫糯弋a(chǎn)素,以增強(qiáng)母嬰的情感聯(lián)系。很少有化學(xué)元素能像催產(chǎn)素一樣都是好名聲,它有時還會被稱為“愛之荷爾蒙”。據(jù)稱,這種物質(zhì)只需輕輕一嗅,就能讓人更加信任、有同情心、變得慷慨大度且樂于合作。但是,現(xiàn)在也許是時候重新審視這種全然樂觀的觀點(diǎn)了。新一輪的研究表明,催產(chǎn)素的效果因人而異,也會隨情況而改變,它對我們社交互動的影響不光可以是好的,也同樣可能是壞的。

Oxytocin’s role in human behaviour first emerged in 2005. In a groundbreaking experiment, Markus Heinrichs and his colleagues at the University of Freiburg, Germany, asked volunteers to do an activity in which they could invest money with an anonymous person who was not guaranteed to be honest. The team found that participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead. The study was the start of research into the effects of oxytocin on human interactions. ‘For eight years, it was quite a lonesome field,’ Heinrichs recalls. 'Now, everyone is interested’ These follow-up studies have shown that after a sniff of the hormone, people become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces and at communicating constructively in arguments. Together, the results fuelled the view that oxytocin universally enhanced the positive aspects of our social nature.

人們初次意識到催產(chǎn)素對人類行為的作用始于2005年。在一個破天荒的實(shí)驗(yàn)中德國弗萊堡大學(xué)的 Markus heinrichs和他的同事們請志愿者們來做一項(xiàng)投資活動,投資對象為一位信譽(yù)狀況不明的無名氏。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),事先通過鼻息噴霧吸入催產(chǎn)素的人比那些吸入安慰劑的人投資了更多的錢。這個實(shí)驗(yàn)開啟了催產(chǎn)素對于人類互動行為影響的研究。“8年來,這個領(lǐng)域無人問津,” Heinrichs說,“但現(xiàn)在大家都很感興趣?！币幌盗泻罄m(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,在吸入催產(chǎn)素之后,人們變得更有善心,更能讀懂別人臉上的情緒,在辯論中也能有更富創(chuàng)造性的交流、所有實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相結(jié)合,更堅(jiān)定了我們的觀點(diǎn)-一催產(chǎn)素能夠普遍強(qiáng)化社會性中積極的一而。

Then, after a few years, contrasting findings began to emerge. Simone Shamay-Tsoory at the University of Haifa, Israel, found that when volunteers played a competitive game, those who inhaled the hormone showed more pleasure when they beat other players, and felt more envy when others won. What’s more, administering oxytocin also has sharply contrasting outcomes depending on a person’s disposition. Jennifer Bartz from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, found that it improves people’s ability to read emotions, but only if they are not very socially adept to begin with. Her research also shows that oxytocin in fact reduces cooperation in subjects who are particularly anxious or sensitive to rejection.

然而,就在幾年后,相反的結(jié)論開始出現(xiàn)以色列海法大學(xué)的 SInon shaman-Tsoory發(fā)現(xiàn),在競技類比賽中,吸入催產(chǎn)素的實(shí)驗(yàn)對象在打敗對手時更容易感到愉悅,而在翰給別人時更容另感到嫉妒除此之外,對不同脾性的人施用催產(chǎn)素時得到的結(jié)果也會截然不同紐約蒙特西奈醫(yī)學(xué)院的 Jennifer bartz發(fā)現(xiàn),催產(chǎn)素只有在施用對象本身不擅長社交的情況下,才能提高他們解讀別人情緒的能力她的研究也同樣表明,事實(shí)上如果施用對象特別焦慮或害怕被拒絕,催產(chǎn)素會減少他亻的合作意愿。

Another discovery is that oxytocin's effects vary depending on who we are interacting with. Studies conducted by Carolyn DeClerck of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, revealed that people who had received a dose of oxytocin actually became less cooperative when dealing with complete strangers. Meanwhile, Carsten De Dreu at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands discovered that volunteers given oxytocin showed favouritism: Dutch men became quicker to associate positive words with Dutch names than with foreign ones, for example. According to De Dreu, oxytocin drives people to care for those in their social circles and defend them from outside dangers. So, it appears that oxytocin strengthens biases, rather than promoting general goodwill, as was previously thought.

其他發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,催產(chǎn)素的效用也會因我們互動的對象而改變由比利時安特衛(wèi)普大學(xué)的 Carolyn DeClerck所做的一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,在面對完全的陌生人時,催產(chǎn)素施用對象事實(shí)上會交得更不愿意配合同時,荷蘭阿姆斯特丹大學(xué)的 Carsten deDreu發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)對象在使用了催產(chǎn)素之后會產(chǎn)生偏妤性:比如說,付蘭人在聽到荷蘭名字時(相比于聽到外國名字)會更容易聯(lián)想到積極意義的詞根據(jù) De dreu的說法,催產(chǎn)素驅(qū)使人們?nèi)リP(guān)心他們社交圈子里的人,并保護(hù)這些人免受外在危險。所以,與先前的認(rèn)知相左的是,催產(chǎn)素能強(qiáng)化這些偏好,而不是促進(jìn)廣泛的善意。

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